Massive Galaxy Protoclusters in the Early Universe uncovered by the South Pole Telescope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I will next describe an ambitious survey for early structures forming in the Universe, which represents a key science goal for WFIRST and JWST. The sub-millimeter galaxy (SMG) population represent the most intense stellar nurseries in the Universe, with star formation rates of 200-2000 Msun/yr (compared to the Milky Way’s 1 Msun/yr). They contribute significantly to the buildup of the Universe’s stars. SMGs are ubiquitous in distant, massive galaxy “protoclusters”, the precursors of rich galaxy clusters. As such they can elucidate the formation modes of cluster cores, the assembly of the “Brightest Cluster Galaxies”, and the collapse of the cosmic web over large scales. With the South Pole Telescope, we have uncovered a population of massive protoclusters of galaxies in the early (3<z<7) Universe. WFIRST will identify and characterize many such systems at this early formative assembly phase. I will discuss followup with ALMA, HST, Spitzer, and 8m optical telescopes, and what these structures teach us about galaxy growth and the collapse of large scale structure in an evolving Universe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".