Glossocephalus milneedwardsi Bovallius 1887

Glossocephalus milneedwardsi Bovallius, 1887 (Figs. 1–6) Glossocephalus Milne-Edwardsi Bovallius, 1887: 35.— Bovallius 1890: 105 (key), 106–108, pl. 5, fig. 5; text figs. 6, 6a (p. 22), 71 (p. 38). Chevreux 1913: 11 –15, figs. 4–5. Chevreux & Fage 1925: 433, fig. 421. Chevreux 1935: 200 –202, pl. 14, figs. 1–2. Glossocephalus Milne-Edwardsii — Colosi 1918: 221. Stephensen 1925: 202 –203, 230 (table). Cecchini 1929: 485, fig. 4. Glossocephalus Milne-Edwarsi (typographical error)— Pirlot 1938: 43. Pirlot 1939a: 55. Pirlot 1939b: 78 –79. Glossocephalus milne -edwardsi — Spandl 1927: 196 (key), 196–197, fig. 24. Barnard 1931: 131 –132. Barnard 1937: 193. Barnard 1940: 485. Shoemaker 1945: 253, fig. 45. Irie 1959: table 4, 31 (table). Fage 1960: 83 –87, text figs. 56, 57 (map), 140–141 (distribution table). Pillai 1966: 186 –187, fig. 10; pl. 1, fig. J. Dick 1970: 42 (key), 70, fig. 14 (part). Yoo 1971: 43 (list), 68. Bowman & Gruner 1973: 51, fig. 68. Zeidler 1978: 34, fig. 33. Laval 1980: 20, 21 & 23 (tables). Lin & Chen 1994: 114, 119 (table). Lin et al. 1995: 123 (table). Shih & Chen 1995: 200 –202, fig. 132. Lin et al. 1996: 231 (table). Zelickman 2005: xvii (list), figs. 53a, b (pp. 324–327). Glossocephalus milneedwardsi — Tashiro & Jossi 1972: 12 (map), 21 (list). Thurston 1976: 438. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 427 – 428, fig. 229. Zeidler 1984: 298, fig. 9d (abundance), 301. Nair & Jayalakshmy 1992: passim. Nair 1995: 19, pl. 3b, figs. N1 & N2; pl. 14. Lowry 2000: 327 (table). Gasca & Shih 2001: 496 (table). Escobar-Briones et al. 2002: 367 (table). Gates et al. 2003: 328. Brusca & Hendrickx 2005: 152 (list). Browne et al. 2007: 819 (list), fig. 4 (phylogenetic tree). Garcia- Madrigal 2007: 156 –157, 192 (table). Gasca 2007: 118 (table). Gasca & Franco-Gordo 2008: 569 (table). Gasca 2009a: 89 (table). Gasca 2009b: 66 (table). Gasca 2009c: 218 (table). Gasca et al. 2009: 1497 (table). Lavaniegos & Hereu 2009: 142 (table), 152 (appendix). Valencia & Giraldo 2009: 268 (table). Mori et al. 2010: 10 (list). Gasca et al. 2012: 126 (table). Valencia & Giraldo 2012: 1493 (table). Hurt et al. 2013: 31 (table), figs. 1–2 (phylogenetic trees). Glossocephalus milne -edwardsii — Hure et al. 1969: 603 & 605 (tables). Harbison et al. 1977: 479 (table), 480, 483 (table). Harbison et al. 1978: 239, 251 (table). Glossocephalus milneedwardsii — Brusca 1981: 12 (list), 45, figs. 22a, b. Glossocephalus spiniger Bovallius 1887: 35.— Bovallius 1890: 105 (key), 108–110, pl. 5, figs. 6–9; text figs. 26 (p. 26), 43 (p. 29). Steuer 1911a: 352 (key), fig. 1. Steuer 1911b: 683 (key). Spandl 1927: 196 (key). Glossocephalus adriaticus Steuer, 1911a: 352 (key), fig. 2 (“adriatischen form”).— Steuer 1911b: 682 –685, pl. 3, figs. 1–7. Elsia indica Giles, 1890: 250 –251, pl. 6, figs. 2–4.— Walker 1904: 237 –238, pl. 1, fig. 2. Type material. Type material of G. milneedwardsi Bovallius, 1887, consisting of the remains of two male specimens (Fig. 1), is in the NRS (reg. no. 8706 & 8707), as detailed above. It is most likely that the former specimen is the one illustrated by Westergren (Bovallius 1890), and it is here designated the lectotype. The other material, consisting only of male second antennae, becomes paralectotype material. Bovallius (1887, 1890) only provides a general locality, “tropical region of the Atlantic” and mentions that he had both male and female specimens. Type material of synonyms. Type material of G. spiniger Bovallius, 1887, consisting of a partly dissected female (Fig. 2), is in the ZMUC (CRU-9424), labelled “Indian 7–2°S 80–90°E CASPERSEN 1869”, which is consistent with the type locality provided by Bovallius (1887, 1890). It seems likely that this is the specimen illustrated by Bovallius (1890), and is here regarded the holotype because the data provided by Bovallius implies that he only had one specimen, a female about 11 mm. The unique type female (3.3 mm) of G. adriaticus Steuer, 1911 could not be found in any major European institution and is considered lost. The type locality is the north-east Adriatic Sea, near “Rovigno” (= Rovinj), on the ctenophore Deiopea kaloktenota, collected by T. Krumbach, December 1910. The type is a juvenile specimen, and despite the inadequate description, the figures provided by Steuer (1911a, 1911b) are clearly representative of typical specimens of G. milneedwardsi. The unique type female (4.0 mm) of Elsia indica Giles, 1890 could not be found in the NHM, London and is considered lost. The type locality is Bombay Harbour, surface, Investigator expeditions, A. Carpenter commanding. The type is a juvenile specimen and is a most likely synonym of G. milneedwardsi, considering the description and figures provided by Giles (1890). Material examined. The remains of the lectotype and paralectotype of G. milneedwardsi and the holotype of G. spiniger as detailed above. In addition the following specimens. N.W. Atlantic: One female, one male (SAMA C5815), South of Georges Bank [38°N 67°W], G. Matsumoto, scuba, 28 July 1987. N.E. Pacific: Two females, one male (SAMA C5816), off California [33°27’N 110°23’W], G. Matsumoto, scuba, 1985. One male (SAMA), south of the Gulf of Alaska [50°12.23’N 144°48.11’W], 1000–0 m, Line P Monitoring Program, 11 June 2005. S.W. Pacific: Ten females, five males (SAMA), Great Barrier Reef region, off Townsville, Queensland (Zeidler 1978). N.E. Indian: One female (SAMA), off Exmouth, Western Australia [21°49.86’S 114°30.31’E], 10 February 1999. S.W. Indian: Ten females, eight males, seven juveniles (SAM), off South Africa, between Durban and East London, and Durban and Kosi Bay, Meiring Naude cruises, 1976, 1977, 1979. Diagnosis. Females: Sexually mature at about 7–18 mm. Head slightly longer than first 4.5 pereonites combined; with short, rounded rostrum; strongly bulged proximally with distinct neck. Eyes occupy most of head except for neck and rostrum. Pereon cylindrical, elongate, length about 1.7 x pleon. Pleonites with postero-distal corner produced into small point. Gnathopoda relatively small, barely reaching to middle of basis of P3. Gnathopod 1; basis sub-equal in length to remaining articles combined, relatively narrow; merus relatively short, about 0.2 x basis; carpus spoon-shaped, projecting under propodus to base of dactylus, produced into strong terminal tooth, sometimes armed with 1–3 strong seta on posterior margin near base of tooth-like structure together with some less strong setae; propodus slightly curved, forming weak chela with carpus, with or without slight, but distinct, tooth near postero-distal corner; dactylus slightly curved, length almost half propodus. Gnathopod 2 slightly longer and more slender than G1, similar in structure except the carpus is relatively longer and the carpal process is armed with fewer setae or is smooth, the posterior margin of the propodus is also always smooth. Pereopods 3 & 4 with relatively thin, elongate articles, similar in structure. Pereopod 3 slightly longer than P4, sub-equal in length to P5 or only 1.2 x longer; basis length about 1.3 x merus; carpus length variable, about 0.4–0.7 x merus, about 1.4–1.6 x propodus; dactylus very small. Pereopod 5 slightly longer than P6 but both are similar in structure, with relatively broad, paddle-like articles. Pereopod 5; basis with anterior margin slightly serrated, length about twice width; merus also with slightly serrated anterior margin, distally broadened, length almost half of basis, width about twothirds length; carpus with both margins slightly serrated, also distally broadened, length about 1.6–2.0 x merus, width almost half length; propodus marginally shorter than carpus; also with both margins slightly serrated, evenly narrowed distally to dactylus, width about one-third length; dactylus a very small curved nail. Pereopod 6 a little shorter than P5, similar in structure but slightly more slender; also anterior margin of basis and posterior margins of merus, carpus and propodus not serrated. Pereopod 7; basis oval-shaped, slightly longer than remaining articles combined; merus and carpus of similar length, propodus slightly longer; dactylus very small. Uropod 1; peduncle reaching beyond limit of peduncle of U2 & U3; outer ramus slightly wider than inner, length about 1.5 x inner ramus, about half of peduncle. Uropod 2; peduncle reaches limit of peduncle of U3; rami similar in length, about two-thirds peduncle. Uropod 3; peduncle very short, slightly wider than long; rami similar in length, slightly longer than 2.5 x peduncle. Telson triangular, rounded, marginally longer than wide, reaching to about half of inner ramus of U3. Margins of rami and telson finely denticulate. Colour in life: mainly translucent, with some frequency the eyes and gut contents may also appear orange (pers. obs.). Males: Generally like females except for the following. Antenna 1; peduncle one-articulate; callynophore large, crescent-shaped, length about 1.6 x width, with small antero-distal lobe, with aesthetascs arranged in onefield brush medially; three smaller, much narrower, articles inserted on antero-dorsal corner of callynophore. Antenna 2 of males, five-articulate; with strong zig-zagged articulation, and all but terminal article folded back on each other, under the head, extending ventro-anteriorly and ventro-posteriorly between the gnathopoda and pereopoda; first article slightly shorter than second, third slightly longer than second, fourth marginally shorter than first, terminal article very short. Pereon and pleon marginally more slender. Epimeral plates relatively much longer and deeper. Head of juveniles like that of females but more elongate (less globular) in more mature specimens. Pereopods 5 & 6 sometimes have slightly broader articles. Gills absent on pereonite 2. Remarks. This species is readily distinguished from other members of the Oxycephalidae by the general habitus, the head shape and the structure of the gnathopoda and pereopods 5 & 6. Eye morphology

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