Xyela Dalman 1819

Xyela Dalman, 1819 Pinicola Brébisson [reported by Blainville], 1818: 116–117, type species: Pinicola julii Brébisson, 1818, by monotypy, preoccupied by Pinicola Vieillot, 1807 or 1808 in Vieillot 1807 –1809: tome 1, p. iv, tab. 1 fig. 13 (Aves: Fringillidae). Mastigocerus [also spelled: Mastigocère] Latreille, 1818: 451 (unavailable name); Taeger & Blank 1996: 255 (nomenclature). Mastigocera Berthold, 1827: 442 (unavailable name). Mastigoceras Klug: Thomson 1871: 341 (misspelling). Xyela Dalman, 1819: 122–124, type species: Xyela pusilla Dalman, 1819, by subsequent designation of Curtis 1824: 30. Pinicolites Meunier, 1920: 896, type species: † Pinicolites graciosus Meunier, 1920, by monotypy. Xyela subgen. Pinicolites: Rasnitsyn 1997: 2 (status changed). Tritokreion Schilling in Schummel, 1826: 43, type species: Xyela pusilla Dalman, 1819, by subsequent designation of Blank et al. 2009: 72. Tritokriton: Dalla Torre 1894: 458 (misspelling). Tritocreion: Konow 1905: 22 (misspelling). Neoxyela Curran, 1923: 20, type species: Neoxyela alberta Curran, 1923, by monotypy; Ross 1937: 106–107 (junior synonym of Xyela). Xyelatana Benson, 1938: 34, type species: Xyela longula Dalman, 1819, by original designation; Burdick 1961: 322 (junior synonym of Xyela). Xyela subgen. Mesoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1965: 491, 497–498, 512–513, type species: Xyela (Mesoxyela) mesozoica Rasnitsyn, 1965, by original designation. Xyela subgen. Xyela section Alpigenixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194, name for X. alpigena group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). Xyela subgen. Xyela section Concavixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194, type species: Xyela concava Burdick, 1961, by monotypy. Xyela subgen. Xyela section Desertixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194: type species: Xyela deserti Burdick, 1961, by monotypy. Xyela subgen. Xyela section Linsleyixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 193, name for X. linsleyi group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). † Xyela subgen. Xyela section Magnixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 193, name for X. magna group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). Xyela subgen. Xyela section Minorixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194, name for X. minor group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). Remarks. Xyela Dalman, 1819 is the type genus of Xyelidae Newman, 1834, which was originally spelled Xyelites by Newman (1834: 408). André (1881) recognized that the description of Pinicola Brébisson, 1818 predates that of Xyela, and he treated the latter name as a synonym. Consequently he also introduced the familygroup name Pinicolidae André, 1881 (pp. 465–466) to replace Xyelides since at that time family-group names were usually based on the stem of the valid name of the type genus concerned. The name Pinicola had already been used by Vieillot (1807 –1809) for the valid description of a genus of birds. This description has been wrongly dated to 1805 (e.g., by Hellmayr 1938, Blank et al. 2009), but the proper publication date of Pinicola in Vieillot’s work, which was printed in 12 consecutive issues, is 1.12.1807 (Browning & Monroe 1991, Banks & Browning 1995) or 1808 (Peterson 2013). Pinicola Vieillot makes Pinicola Brébisson a junior homonym. Due to this homonymy, Pinicolidae André is not available (ICZN 1999, Art. 39). The stem Xyel- of the junior name Xyela has to be used for the formation of relevant family-group names. The validity and availability of the other genus-group names associated with Xyela were discussed by Blank et al. (2009). Xyela can be recognized with help of the key by Blank (2002). Imagines are distinguished from other Xyelidae by the combination of the following characters: vein Sc of the fore wing closely adpressed to vein R (Fig. 4); ovipositor elongate (Figs 6, 95–120); antennal flagellum longer than synantennomere 3, comprising 9 antennomeres (Figs 6–7); maxillary palp enlarged, particularly palpomere 3 (Figs 6–7, smaller in X. helvetica, X. longula, X. lugdunensis); evident tergal grooves present; surface coriaceous (except for the Nearctic X. deserti); wings without setae. The Nearctic X. lata D.R. Smith, 1990 disagrees with this concept. It has a narrow cell present between veins Sc and R, a comparatively short antennal filament and unlike other Xyela species a shiny surface sculpture (Smith 1990, Rasnitsyn 1995). Xyela lata has therefore been placed in Xyela (Pinicolites), while all other extant species are classified with Xyela (Xyela) (Rasnitsyn 1997, Blank et al. 2009, Taeger et al. 2010). A key for larvae of Xyelidae, which allows identification on genus level, was published by Smith (1967). Rasnitsyn (1965) distinguished within the extant fauna a number of species groups based on his own studies and on the work of Burdick (1961). The julii group and the longula group only include species distributed in Eurasia. Subsequently, Rasnitsyn (1971) fused with the julii group the bakeri group, in which he originally included the Nearctic X. bakeri Konow, 1898 and the West Palearctic X. graeca and X. menelaus. In our barcoding analysis, X. bakeri imagines and larvae collected from Pinus sabiniana from California are placed at 10.07 % interspecific distance next to X. menelaus (Fig. 23, intraspecific variation ca 2 %). But this seemingly large divergence might merely result from insufficient consideration of additional species distributed in the New World. The alpigena group, linsleyi group and minor group contain species distributed both in Eurasia and in the Nearctic according to Rasnitsyn (1965). In our treatise on Eurasian Xyela species, leaving the Nearctic species out of consideration, these groups are named the alpigena group, lugdunensis group (for linsleyi group) and curva group (for minor group). Rasnitsyn’s concava group (Concavixyela) and deserti group (Desertixyela) include only Nearctic species. The meridionalis group and the rasnitsyni group, which are defined in this study, are not associated with one of the groups recognized by Rasnitsyn. The use of species group names is here intended as an informal aid in sorting species taxonomically, although some of the groups that include more than a single species might be monophyletic. The diagnosis for each species group precedes a list of the included species below. Key to the Eurasian Xyela species 1 Female............................................................................................ 2 – Male............................................................................................. 31 2 (1) Tip of valvula 3 acutely pointed, without defined sensilla field (Figs 86–87, 95, 104). Ovipositor sheath very long, fore wing 0.90–1.35 times longer than ovipositor sheath.............................................................. 3 – Tip of valvula 3 narrowly or widely rounded, bearing defined sensilla field (Figs 88–94, 96–103, 105–120). Ovipositor sheath shorter, fore wing at least 1.45 times longer than ovipositor sheath 5 3 (2) Article 3 of maxillary palp 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape, wider than synantennomere 3. Ovipositor sheath compressed, in medial section, combined width of both valvulae 3 in lateral view ca 3.5 times wider than in dorsal view. Dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to acute tip, ventral edge almost straight (Fig. 2, 104). Vein 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 from Rs. Northeastern China (Jilin), Russian Far East (Primorskiy Kray), South Korea (Fig. 22).............................................................................. Xyela rasnitsyni Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. ♀ – Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.70–0.90 times as long as scape, narrower than synantennomere 3. Ovipositor sheath in medial section diamond-shaped in cross section, combined width of both valvulae 3 in medial section in lateral view ca 1.2 times width in dorsal view. Both dorsal and ventral edge of valvula 3 evenly narrowing to tip (Figs 86–87). Vein 2r-m mostly meeting Rs1 distal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 from Rs. West Palearctic species....................................... 4 4 (3) Ovipositor sheath ca 3.4 mm long, valvula 3 2.9–3.1 times longer than valvifer 2, 11.5–12.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 86). Fore wing 1.20–1.35 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Male unknown. Subalpine zone of Austria and Switzerland (Fig. 19).................................................................. Xyela helvetica (Benson, 1961) ♀ – Ovipositor sheath 4.1–5.6 mm long, valvula 3 3.6–4.2 times longer than valvifer 2, 13.5–16.5 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 95). Fore wing 0.90–1.10 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Lowlands and mountainous regions of Europe, southwards to the Alps and neighboring mountain ranges (Fig. 20)............................... Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 ♀ 5 (2) Ovipositor strikingly short (Figs 89, 103): valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath 0.85–0.90 as long as valvifer 2, fore wing 3.3–3.5 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Taiwan (Fig. 12)......................... Xyela meridionalis Shinohara, 1983 ♀ – Ovipositor longer: valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath at least 1.35 times longer than valvifer 2, fore wing at most 2.8 times longer than ovipositor sheath 6 6 (5) Valvula 3 diamond-shaped in cross section, dorsal and ventral edge parallel in medial portion, narrowing in distal 0.10–0.15 to round tip (Fig. 88, 96). Article 3 of maxillary palp 1.10–1.20 times as long as scape, about as wide as synantennomere 3. France, Hungary (Fig. 21)................................................. Xyela lugdunensis Berland, 1943 ♀ – Valvula 3 either strongly compressed and medially parallel-sided (Figs 92, 105–120), or diamond-shaped in cro

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