TNT Surface-Burst Blast Wave Properties Interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A set of Excel© spreadsheets, TNTSBI 1.0c.xlsx, has been developed to display the physical properties of blast waves produced by the explosion of a hemispherical TNT charge resting on a plane rigid surface. The spreadsheets have been developed using an extensive database of experimentally derived measurements of the hydrostatic pressure, density and particle velocity from a large number of TNT explosions ranging in size from 4 kg to 500 t, as described by Dewey and McMillin (1987, 1989). The results of these analyses were made available via an interface known as AirBlast (Dewey and McMillin, 1990). The AirBlast interface was licensed to more than 30 international agencies, but is no longer compatible with modern operating systems. However, the original databases of experimental measurements remain accessible and are being incorporated into a series of Excel© files, the first of which was TNTFFI 1.1c (Dewey, 2021). It is anticipated that files providing the blast wave properties for height-of-burst explosions, TNTHOBI, will also be developed. Excel© has been chosen as the interface platform because it is a component of most computer systems and has proved to be compatible with all operating systems as they have been upgraded over several decades. Some of the functions used in the interface may not be included with all versions of Excel©, but if missing, they can be downloaded from Microsoft. TNTSBI 1.0c consists of four spreadsheets. The first, Input Values, allows the user to input: the charge mass in kilograms; the TNT equivalence as a fraction, e.g. 0.8, if an explosive other than TNT is being used; the ambient atmospheric pressure in kiloPascals, and the ambient temperature in Celsius. The input values are used to calculate the Hopkinson (1915) and Sachs (1944), (Dewey 2000, 2016) scaling factors for radius and time. These scaling factors are used in the subsequent spreadsheets to determine the physical properties of the blast wave as functions of radial distance and time without further application by the user. The second spreadsheet, Peak Values, displays the physical properties immediately behind the primary shock at a series of radial distances from the centre of the blast wave defined by the input values. The range of distances covers those for which reliable experimental measurements of the physical properties are available. The third spreadsheet, Time Histories, displays the physical properties of the blast wave at a series of times after the arrival of the primary shock at the radial distance input by the user. The integrals of the physical properties during their positive phases are also displayed. The fourth and final spreadsheet, Wave Profiles, displays the physical properties of the blast wave at a series of radial distances behind the primary shock at the time after detonation input by the user. The integrals of the physical properties during their positive phases are also displayed. The spreadsheets can be downloaded as TNTSBI 1.0c.xlsx and a Users’ Guide, TNTSBI Users’ Guide.pdf, which describes the spreadsheets in more detail and how they may be used.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.206 | 0.117 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".