The Forces Shaping French-Algerian Relations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prior to 1830, Algeria was nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire. In point of fact, however, the actual control exercised 3 by Constantinople over Algeria was nominal. The Dey, the representative of Ottoman power in Algeria, had little influence beyond the confines of the metropolis of Algiers. The Arab-Berber population of the area numbering some two million lived largely a semi-nomadic existence. Their allegiance was first to family and tribe. Broader allegiances were minimal and the concept of national solidarity non-existent. On the eve of French penetration, therefore, there existed two authorities. On the me hand, the decadent authority of the Ottoman Empire which had long ceased to exercise any effective control over the life of the country. On the other, a conglomeration of autonomous families and tribes knowing no other law than that of arms. During the past century and a quarter of French control, these two forms of authority were replaced; initially by French military and administrative control and now by a organized indigenous nationalist movement attempting to dislodge the French.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".