Long Gaps Missing IoT Sensors Time Series Data Imputation: A Bayesian Gaussian Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Missing sensor data is a common problem associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, which affect the accuracy of the associated services such as adequate medical intervention for older adults living at home. This problem is caused by many factors, power down is one of them, communication failure and sensor failure are another two reasons. Multiple missing data imputation methods have been developed to solve this issue. However, irregular temporal missing data locations is challenging to handle, due to lack of knowledge of their occurrence probability and their random temporal location. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian Gaussian Process based imputation technique that accounts for temporal forcing to fill in the missing sensor data. Our approach; Bayesian Gaussian Process (BGaP); can impute missing data efficiently at any missing rate and for any temporal location using prior knowledge gathered on past observations. We illustrated how our approach performs using real data collected from sensors deployed in the residence of 10 older adults over a two-year period. Using our novel approach, we were able to impute all the missing data which allowed us to observe long-term behavior changes that we would not have been able to observe otherwise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".