Recent growth and decay of the hydration (swelling) caves in the former gypsum quarry of Dingwall in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article deals with the very special phenomenon of formation of the hydration or swelling caves (Quellungshöhlen in German), known also as the bubble or dwarf caves (Zwergenhöhlen in German), observed today in the weathering zone of the Lower Carboniferous anhydrites of the Windsor Group in the Canadian Maritimes. The caves form due to volume increase during transition of anhydrite into secondary gypsum, i.e. hydration of anhydrite. Hundreds of such hydration caves have developed – and collapsed – in the abandoned gypsum quarry of Dingwall, a fishing village at the north eastern tip of the Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The largest one is ca. 10.7 × 6.6 ×1.1 m in size (as documented in 2008). The speed of lateral growth of the hydrating anhydrite layers, which are now the floors of the quarry abandoned in 1956, has been systematically measured and estimated at ca. 2 cm/year, similar to the values recorded in Europe, in the similar caves from the Harz Mts. region in Germany. It seems that the salty sea spray of the nearby Atlantic Ocean accelerates the hydration of anhydrite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".