New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for <i>Votadinium spinosum</i> reveals a <i>Protoperidinium claudicans</i> species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<i>Protoperidinium claudicans</i> is a planktonic, heterotrophic, bioluminescent dinoflagellate species commonly found in neritic waters. It has long been considered to display phenotypic variation in its second anterior intercalary plate, which could vary between quadra, penta and hexa. The equivalent spinose, cordate cyst goes under the name of <i>Votadinium spinosum</i>. Here we perform incubation experiments with cysts from France, Canada, China and Japan, which demonstrate that <i>P. claudicans</i> forms a species complex, with at least two ribotypes with a penta configuration (<i>P. claudicans</i>) and one with a quadra configuration (<i>P. carriae</i> sp. nov.). A fossil-based cyst, <i>V. multispinosum</i> sp. nov., is described as the equivalent of <i>P. carriae</i>. Molecular phylogenetics using large subunit ribosomal DNA supports these observations. The cyst–theca relationships for <i>Votadinium psilodora</i> and another, undescribed, cordate, spineless <i>Votadinium</i> species are also reported from China. Macromolecular analyses of the cyst wall of <i>V. multispinosum</i> reveal it is comprised of a protein-rich carbohydrate compound. We show that this compound is not uncommon in dinoflagellate and ciliate cysts and that it is unlikely to preserve very well upon sedimentation and burial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.110 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".