Endobenthic Organisms Exposed to Chronically\nHigh Chloride from Groundwater\nDischarging along Freshwater Urban Streams and Lakeshores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chloride,\nespecially from road salt, is one of the most ubiquitous\ncontaminants of urban groundwater in temperate climates. The discharge\nof chloride-laden groundwater to freshwater ecosystems may pose a\nheightened risk to endobenthic organisms (buried in sediments), which\nmay experience high concentrations prior to dilution from the overlying\nwater. However, available exposure data is limited. Presented here\nare 22 chloride data sets from 15 urban sites across Canada, encompassing\n>1300 samples of shallow discharging groundwater collected principally\nduring summer through autumn. Over half of the sites had an average\nchloride concentration above the long-term aquatic life guideline\n(120 mg/L), while 14% of each site’s samples, on average, surpassed\nthe short-term guideline (640 mg/L). Chloride concentrations frequently\nvaried substantially (even >1000 mg/L) between adjacent locations\n(mostly <20 m separation), indicating patchy exposure. Chloride/bromide\nratios, artificial sweeteners, and other tracers suggest a predominant\ncontribution from road salt, with wastewater and landfill leachate\nimportant at some sites. Overall, these concentrations exceed those\ntypically reported for urban wells and streams (even during the snowmelt\nperiod) in similar climates. These findings suggest that high chloride\nconcentrations in shallow groundwater, largely from road salt, present\na long-term threat to endobenthic organisms of urban surface waters\nin cold-region countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.413 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".