Heterogeneity between Two α Subunits of α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub> Human Hemoglobin and O<sub>2</sub> Binding Properties: Raman, <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Terahertz Spectra
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following\na previous detailed investigation of the β subunit\nof α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub> human adult hemoglobin (Hb\nA), this study focuses on the α subunit by using three natural\nvalency hybrid α(Fe<sup>2+</sup>-deoxy/O<sub>2</sub>)β(Fe<sup>3+</sup>) hemoglobin M (Hb M) in which O<sub>2</sub> cannot bind\nto the β subunit: Hb M Hyde Park (β92His → Tyr),\nHb M Saskatoon (β63His → Tyr), and Hb M Milwaukee (β67Val\n→ Glu). In contrast with the β subunit that exhibited\na clear correlation between O<sub>2</sub> affinity and Fe<sup>2+</sup>–His stretching frequencies, the Fe<sup>2+</sup>–His\nstretching mode of the α subunit gave two Raman bands only in\nthe T quaternary structure. This means the presence of two tertiary\nstructures in α subunits of the α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub> tetramer with T structure, and the two structures seemed\nto be nondynamical as judged from terahertz absorption spectra in\nthe 5–30 cm<sup>–1</sup> region of Hb M Milwaukee, α(Fe<sup>2+</sup>-deoxy)β(Fe<sup>3+</sup>). This kind of heterogeneity\nof α subunits was noticed in the reported spectra of a metal\nhybrid Hb A like α(Fe<sup>2+</sup>-deoxy)β(Co<sup>2+</sup>) and, therefore, seems to be universal among α subunits of\nHb A. Unexpectedly, the two Fe–His frequencies were hardly\nchanged with a large alteration of O<sub>2</sub> affinity by pH change,\nsuggesting no correlation of frequency with O<sub>2</sub> affinity\nfor the α subunit. Instead, a new Fe<sup>2+</sup>–His\nband corresponding to the R quaternary structure appeared at a higher\nfrequency and was intensified as the O<sub>2</sub> affinity increased.\nThe high-frequency counterpart was also observed for a partially O<sub>2</sub>-bound form, α(Fe<sup>2+</sup>-deoxy)α(Fe<sup>2+</sup>-O<sub>2</sub>)β(Fe<sup>3+</sup>)β(Fe<sup>3+</sup>), of the present Hb M, consistent with our previous finding that\nbinding of O<sub>2</sub> to one α subunit of T structure α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub> tetramer changes the other α subunit\nto the R structure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it