Drill Cuttings, Petrophysical, and Geomechanical Models for Evaluation of Conventional and Unconventional Petroleum Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis concentrates on some of the aspects of a ‘Total Petroleum System’ including natural gas and oil stored in conventional and unconventional reservoirs. The original contributions of this thesis include: 1) The use of electromagnetic mixing rules for construction of dual and triple porosity models with a view to quantifying matrix, fracture and non-effective porosity and the porosity exponent (m) of naturally fractured reservoirs. 2) The use of electromagnetic mixing rules for construction of dual and triple porosity models with a view to quantify the water saturation exponent (n) and to estimate the wettability of reservoir rocks in naturally fractured reservoirs. 3) Measurements of porosity and permeability in drill cuttings collected directly in a horizontal well. Although these measurements have been carried out previously in drill cuttings collected in vertical and deviated wells, this is the first time that they are performed in horizontal well drill cuttings. The models developed in Items 1 and 2 are compared successfully against core laboratory data. Water and/or oil stored in each of the porous media considered in the models, affects rock wettability and consequently the values of n. Robustness of the models is important because, in practice, while logging a well in a naturally fractured reservoir, the tool will probably go through some intervals with only matrix porosity; some intervals with matrix porosity and fractures, some with matrix porosity and isolated porosity; and some intervals with matrix, fractures and non-connected porosities. As there are variations in the contribution of each porosity system with depth, there are also variations in m with depth that have to be taken into account. The laboratory measurements of porosity and permeability from drill cuttings mentioned above in Item 3 were conducted at the University of Calgary. Based on a thorough review of literature this is the first time that this measurements are conducted in drill cuttings samples collected in horizontal wells. Starting with only drill cuttings measurements of porosity and permeability, the methodology developed in this thesis allows for complete formation evaluation and geomechanical analysis through the use of a successive approach for determination of several parameters of interest including pore throat aperture radius (rp35), water saturation, porosity exponent (m), true formation resistivity, capillary pressure, Knudsen number, depth to the water contact (if present), construction of Pickett plots, Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s ratio and brittleness index throughout the horizontal length of the well, and for locating the best hydraulic fracture initiation points during multi-stage fracturing jobs. It is concluded that the use of electromagnetic mixing rules and drill cuttings provide a valuable and practical addition for quantitative characterization of conventional and unconventional petroleum reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".