Bibliographic record
Abstract
\n Context. Massive stars have a profound effect on the surrounding interstellar medium. They ionize and heat the neutral gas, and with their strong winds they sweep up the gas, forming large H i shells. In this way, they generate a dense shell that provides the physical conditions for the formation of new stars.\n Aims. The aim of this study is to analyze the origin and evolution of the large H i shell GS 100–02–41 and its role in triggering star-forming processes.\n Methods. To characterize the shell and its environs, we carried out a multi-wavelength study. We analyzed the H i 21 cm line, the radio continuum, and infrared emission distributions. \n Results. The analysis of the H i data shows an expanding shell structure centered at (l,b) = (100°.6, –2°.04) in the velocity range from –29 to –51.7 km s-1. Taking into account noncircular motions, we infer for GS 100–02–41 a kinematical distance of 2.8 ± 0.6 kpc. Several massive stars belonging to Cep OB1 are located in projection within the large H i shell boundaries. The analysis of the radio continuum and infrared data reveals that there is no continuum counterpart of the H i shell. On the other hand, three slightly extended radio continuum sources are observed in projection onto the dense H i shell. From their flux density determinations we infer that they are thermal in nature. An analysis of the H i emission distribution in the environs of these sources shows a region of low emissivity for each of them, which correlates well morphologically with the ionized gas in a velocity range similar to the one where GS 100–02–41 is detected. \n Conclusions. Based on an energy analysis, we conclude that the origin of GS 100–02–41 could have been mainly caused by the action of the Cep OB1 massive stars located inside the H i shell. The obtained age difference between the H i shell and the H ii regions, together with their relative location, lead us to conclude that the ionizing stars could have been created as a consequence of the shell evolution. \n
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".