Bibliographic record
Abstract
\n New Canadian Galactic Plane Survey $\\lambda $21 cm $\\ion{H}{i}$ line\nobservations towards supernova remnant (SNR) 3C 434.1 (G94.0+1.0) are\npresented. We find a fragmented and thin-walled atomic hydrogen shell\ninside which the SNR is seen to be contained at $v\\simeq -$80 km s-1, which we report to be a highly evolved stellar wind\nbubble (SWB) associated with the remnant. A dark area in the midst of otherwise\nbright line emission is also seen near -71 km s-1. An absorption\nprofile to the extragalactic continuum source 4C 51.45 (superimposed\non the shell's north face) allows us to probe the shell's\noptical depth, kinetic temperature and expansion velocity.\nThe material in the dark area\nhas the same properties as material in the fragmented shell, suggesting that\nthe dark area is actually the far-side “cap” of the shell seen absorbing\nemission from warm background gas, the first instance of $\\ion{H}{i}$\nSelf Absorption (HISA) seen in such a structure. We show that the\nkinematic distance of 10 kpc derived from a flat Galactic rotation\nmodel is highly improbable, and that this bubble/SNR system is most\nlikely resident in the Perseus Spiral Arm, lying 5.2 kpc distant.\nWe model the SWB shell in three dimensions as a homologously\nexpanding ellipsoid. Physical and dynamical characteristics of the bubble are\ndetermined, showing its advanced evolutionary state. Finally, from a\nphotometric search for one or more stars associated with the SWB, we\ndetermine that three B0V stars and one O4V star currently inhabit\nthis bubble, and that the progenitor of 3C 434.1 was at latest also an O4 type\nstar.\n\n\n
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.121 | 0.038 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".