Studies of Environmental Stress Cracking of High Density Polyethylene Liner in Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery Floods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alkali surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process that is used to increase the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from conventional oil reservoirs. With the increasing use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in EOR process, environmental stress cracking (ESC) poses a threat to the integrity of the pipe in ASP floods. In this research, the ESC behaviour of HDPE pipes was studied in ASP floods under conditions that simulated the EOR reality. Particularly, tensile tests were conducted on three types of materials, i.e., HDPE4710, HDPE3608 and polyethylene 100+ (PE100+), which have been soaked in ASP under various pressures and temperatures. Results demonstrate that HDPE can experience degradation upon ASP soaking, resulting in a reduction of elongation of the material, especially at elevated temperatures. Moreover, HDPE 4710 is more resistant to ASP soaking in terms of the stress-strain behavior, while 3608 is least resistant to ASP soaking. The resistance of HDPE to ESC was also investigated on pre-cracked specimen in ASP flood with various concentrations. Various analysis techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were used to characterize their ESC behaviour mechanistically. It was found that ASP floods concentration, applied stress level, ambient temperature and the mechanical characteristics of various HDPEs affects the ESC behaviour on the HDPEs. Furthermore, the water permeation property of HDPE 3608 was investigated by determining the water vapour transmission (WVT) rate at various temperatures and the specimen thicknesses. A model was developed to illustrate the parametric effects on the water permeating rate. It was found that WVT is quadratic function of ambient temperature and power function of film thickness. As a result of combination of three parameters, it can be found that ambient temperature is quadratic function to WVT and thickness is quadratic coefficient of temperature term. The modeling results are validated by the experimental data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".