Prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding outcomes: a prospective study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Prenatal anxiety is a common maternal mental health condition that affects both maternal and infant health. There are established associations between depression and reduced breastfeeding duration; however, little is known about the relationship between prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the association between prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding outcomes in a large longitudinal pregnancy cohort.Methods: Data were obtained from the All Our Families prospective community cohort of mother-infant pairs recruited in early pregnancy from Calgary, Alberta (n = 1473). Anxiety was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) during early and late pregnancy. The primary outcome of breastfeeding duration and secondary outcomes (breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, difficulties, and cessation) were self-reported at 4 and 12 months postpartum. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between prenatal anxiety and each breastfeeding outcome while controlling for potential confounding variables as appropriate. Results: Overall, 18% of mothers reported clinically significant anxiety during pregnancy. Mothers with high prenatal anxiety reported shorter duration for any breastfeeding compared to those without (? = -4.43 weeks, [95% CI: -6.51, -7.94, -0.93)] after controlling for confounders. Having high prenatal anxiety was associated with lower odds of any breastfeeding at 4 months (OR = 0.68, [95% CI: 0.48, 0.95]) and 6 months (OR = 0.65, [95% CI: 0.54, 0.88]). No significant associations were observed between prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding initiation (AOR = 0.93, [95% CI: 0.42, 2.08]), exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months (AOR = 0.92, [95% CI: 0.66, 1.28]) and 6 months (AOR = 0.74, [95% CI: 0.45, 1.21]), or breastfeeding difficulties (AOR = 0.86, [95% CI: 0.48, 1.56]), respectively.Conclusion: Prenatal anxiety was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration and may be a risk factor for premature breastfeeding cessation. Targeted interventions specific to needs of mothers with prenatal anxiety may be beneficial in supporting optimal breastfeeding goals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".