Prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding outcomes: a prospective study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Prenatal anxiety is a common maternal mental health condition that affects both maternal and infant health. There are established associations between depression and reduced breastfeeding duration; however, little is known about the relationship between prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the association between prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding outcomes in a large longitudinal pregnancy cohort.Methods: Data were obtained from the All Our Families prospective community cohort of mother-infant pairs recruited in early pregnancy from Calgary, Alberta (n = 1473). Anxiety was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) during early and late pregnancy. The primary outcome of breastfeeding duration and secondary outcomes (breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, difficulties, and cessation) were self-reported at 4 and 12 months postpartum. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between prenatal anxiety and each breastfeeding outcome while controlling for potential confounding variables as appropriate. Results: Overall, 18% of mothers reported clinically significant anxiety during pregnancy. Mothers with high prenatal anxiety reported shorter duration for any breastfeeding compared to those without (? = -4.43 weeks, [95% CI: -6.51, -7.94, -0.93)] after controlling for confounders. Having high prenatal anxiety was associated with lower odds of any breastfeeding at 4 months (OR = 0.68, [95% CI: 0.48, 0.95]) and 6 months (OR = 0.65, [95% CI: 0.54, 0.88]). No significant associations were observed between prenatal anxiety and breastfeeding initiation (AOR = 0.93, [95% CI: 0.42, 2.08]), exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months (AOR = 0.92, [95% CI: 0.66, 1.28]) and 6 months (AOR = 0.74, [95% CI: 0.45, 1.21]), or breastfeeding difficulties (AOR = 0.86, [95% CI: 0.48, 1.56]), respectively.Conclusion: Prenatal anxiety was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration and may be a risk factor for premature breastfeeding cessation. Targeted interventions specific to needs of mothers with prenatal anxiety may be beneficial in supporting optimal breastfeeding goals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".