Supplementary information for Examining the role of physical activity interventions in modulating androgens and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal females: A narrative review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supplementary files for article Examining the role of physical activity interventions in modulating androgens and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal females: A narrative review Growing literature has examined the role of physical activity (PA) in modifying the effects of estrogen withdrawal on cardiovascular health in postmenopausal females, yet the impact of PA on androgens is less clear. Changes in androgen concentrations following regular PA may improve cardiovascular health. This narrative review summarized the literature assessing the impact of PA interventions on androgens in postmenopausal females. The association between changes in androgen concentrations and cardiovascular health following PA programs was also examined. Randomized controlled trials were included if they: (i) implemented a PA program of any type and duration in postmenopausal females; and (ii) measured changes in androgen concentrations. Following PA interventions, no changes in androstenedione, conflicting changes in dehydroepiandrosterone/ dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and increases in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were found. Total testosterone decreased following aerobic PA but increased after resistance training. Most aerobic PA interventions led to reductions in free testosterone. A combination of caloric restriction and/or fat loss enhanced the influence of PA on most androgens. Evidence exploring the relationship between changes in androgens and cardiovascular health indicators was scarce and inconsistent. PA has shown promise in modifying the concentrations of some androgens (free and total testosterone, SHBG), and remains a well-known beneficial adjuvant option for postmenopausal females to manage their cardiovascular health. Fat loss influences the effect of PA on androgens, however, the synergistic role of PA and androgens on cardiovascular health merits further examination. Many research gaps in the relationship between PA, androgens and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal females remain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.034 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.551 | 0.049 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".