GENOTYPING OF PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE POLAR BEARS IN NUNAVUT AND ADVANCES IN DNA SEXING TECHNIQUES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Female pseudohermaphroditism is characterized by gonads consistent with chromosomal sex combined with ambiguous, masculinized external genitalia. Recognized in many mammals, this condition results from fetal exposure to androgens that can be embryonic, maternal, or environmental in origin. Female pseudohermaphrodite black and brown bears (Ursus americanus and U. arctos) from Alberta, Canada, and polar bears (U. maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway, have been identified. Recent population surveys in Nunavut, Canada, led to the discovery of 11 additional female pseudohermaphrodite polar bears. Each bear was screened for the presence of sex-determining region-Y (Sry) and amelogenin-Y (AMELY) genes as indicators of Y-chromosome DNA. One bear possessed both genes, implying that trisomy or a chromosomal rearrangement may account for her virilized phenotype. Preliminary data suggested that Sry was also present in the other 10 bears; further testing disproved that result, revealed an important source of error when using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen for the Sry gene, and led to the development of new amelogenin primers that provide superior sex information for bears. Ultimately, these extensive screens also supported the conclusion that 10 of 11 morphologically abnormal individuals may possess no genuine male-specific DNA. Therefore, nongenetic mechanisms such as maternal tumors, freemartinism, or endocrinological effects of environmental contaminants may also influence the development of the female pseudohermaphrodite phenotype in Nunavut polar bears.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".