Multicultural Identity, Heritage Language, and Sense of Belonging Among Second-Generation Adults in Canada and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The children of migrant parents (second-generation) are part of a growing population who are simultaneously socialized in their heritage and mainstream cultural contexts. The current study examined how heritage language competence in second-generation adults relates to multicultural identity and sense of belonging. Two studies were conducted on the relation between perceived (Study 1, N = 457 Canadians) and objective (Study 2, N = 179 Americans) heritage language skills, heritage culture belonging, and identity negotiation. Bias-corrected factor score path analysis showed that greater perceived and objective heritage language skills related to stronger heritage culture identity, greater integration of heritage and mainstream cultural identities, and weaker mainstream culture identity —a greater sense of heritage culture belonging mediated these relations. The current research provides new insights into second-generation adults' complex experiences regarding their heritage language, multicultural identity, and cultural belonging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".