Retirement Experiences of Immigrants in Western Countries: A Scoping Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retirement is a major life stage that involves psychological, social, financial, and health-related changes. For immigrants living in Western countries, retirement is often shaped by intersecting factors such as migration history, acculturation, language proficiency, systemic barriers, and cultural values around aging. These experiences are complex and vary widely depending on pre-migration background, reasons for migration, age at immigration, and access to social and institutional supports. While existing research has examined issues such as immigrant aging, health disparities, or labor force participation, no comprehensive synthesis currently exists on how immigrants experience retirement as a whole. This scoping review aims to systematically map the empirical literature on retirement experiences among immigrants residing in Western countries (e.g., North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand). Guided by the PRISMA-ScR framework, the review will include studies exploring meaning-making, well-being, economic and social adjustment, and cultural dimensions of retirement across pre-, during-, and post-retirement phases. The findings will help identify conceptual frameworks, knowledge gaps, and implications for future research, policy, and culturally responsive support services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".