A comparative life cycle assessment of hydrogen production in British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrogen can play a key role in decarbonizing energy systems and the transition to a low carbon economy. While scaling up hydrogen production plays a critical role in initiating a hydrogen economy, it is also important to quantify the environmental impacts to determine what pathways will adequately contribute to emission reduction goals. To assess these impacts, a comparative well-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to determine the carbon intensity of three hydrogen production pathways in British Columbia (B.C.) using the GHGenius 4.03a software model. The hydrogen production pathways reviewed include steam methane reformation (SMR), SMR with carbon capture and storage, and electrolysis using the B.C. grid electricity mix. The LCA results were 82.75, 26.07, and 24.42 g CO2e/MJ HHV respectively. Additional objectives of this study include identifying barriers and recommending policies to increase production of low carbon hydrogen in B.C., and defining a carbon intensity benchmark.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".