Change and Continuity in Midlife: A 10-Year Panel Study of Values, Leisure, Life Structure, and Life Events, United States and Canada, 1987-1996
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was a 10-year panel study of middle-aged men and women. Through yearly surveys it examined change and continuity of individuals' values, perceptions of leisure, and life structure and the association of these perceptions with life experiences. Data collection occurred from 1987 through 1996 with an initial sample size of 84 middle-aged adults, primarily of Euro-American descent. Respondents represented three different generations within the broad span of years considered part of middle age: those born shortly before or during the Great Depression and in the later years of middle age (aged 47 to 60) at the start of the study, those born shortly before or during World War II; and those born in the early years of the post-World War II baby boom. Twenty-two of the participants were in committed relationships with another person in the study, and 6 of these 11 relationships involved same-sex partnerships. The most extensive analyses and methodological details are in Carpenter and Stockard (2020). A decade of change and continuity in midlife. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".