Early Atherosclerosis in High-Risk Young Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, early screening of dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic CVD (ACVD) and heart function are not routine in the primary care of high-risk young women with and without PCOS. The aim of this study was to provide evidence-based research to aid the development of assessment guidelines for early detection of dyslipidaemia, cardiac dysfunction and ACVD in high-risk young women with and without PCOS. METHODS: A case-control study in high-cardiometabolic risk (body mass index (BMI>25) women aged 25-45 years with and without PCOS, matched for age and body mass index, and healthy weight controls was conducted. The main outcome measures included blood lipids, apoB-lipoproteins, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid plaque and cardiac function using ultrasound and 2D/3D echocardiography. RESULTS: High-risk women with (n-45) and without PCOS (n=20) had a 25% higher total apoB, 30% higher non-HDL-C and 50% higher triglycerides compared to age-matched health weight controls (n=10). PCOS tended to have higher plasma triglycerides, total ApoB, non-HDL-C and remnant cholesterol compared to BMI-matched controls Those with PCOS had a significantly lower HDL-C compared to both BMI-age-matched and health-weight controls. Carotid plaque was 3- and 8-fold higher in those with PCOS compared to BMI-matched and healthy weight controls, respectively. Those with PCOS and BMI-matched controls had increased cIMT by 15% and early left ventricular global longitudinal strain by 10%, compared to healthy-weight controls. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk PCOS and BMI-matched controls have early impairment in global cardiac function and increased ACVD, and this is associated with an atherogenic dyslipidemic profile. These results suggest early primary prevention screening and a risk-stratification model may be warranted in this high-risk population of young women to reduce risk of premature development and incidence of CVD. This research is funded by Women and Children’s Health Research Institute and Mazankowski Heart Research Institute
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".