A study of Sandikli Graben, west central Turkiye, using the vertical electrical sounding geophysical method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Turkiye has a wide range of geothermal and agricultural resources. As part of Alpine- Himalayan orogenic belt it has mountainous regions and high heat flow, with the main sources of geothermal energy being recent volcanism. The study area, the Sandikli graben, is located in west central Anatolia, where there are 1500 wells tapping fresh waters from shallow aquifers for domestic and agricultural use and, within a known geothermal field, 23 deeper thermal wells which provide heat to greenhouses and spas. In this study, data from 384 Vertical Electrical Sounding geophysical surveys were analysed. The data were collected in an area of 36 km x 10 km and provided information on resistivity extending to 1.4 km depth. The aim was to delineate the subsurface resistivity structure of the graben including the locations of hot and cold aquifers as well as fault structures that can provide upward transfer of geothermal waters. It is found that near surface resistivity is associated with topography and drainage. Raw data in the known geothermal field showed large jumps which may be indicative of near surface geothermal activity. Large lateral resistivity variations are related to known faults. Low resistivity subsurface layers, indicating aquifers, can be seen almost everywhere in the graben. Their depth range of 50 to 300 m suggests that they are cold water aquifers, and there was no indication of deeper geothermal resources outside the known geothermal field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".