Euura vittata

265 Euura vittata (Serville, 1823) Figs 282, 485–486 Nematus vittatus Serville, 1823: 66. Syntypes ♀♀ (no type specimens located: Lacourt 2000). Type locality: not stated by Serville, but Lepeletier (1823) wrote “In agro Parisiensi. Mus. dom. Serville”. Nematus melanoleucus Hartig, 1840: 27. Lectotype designated below. Synonymy by Konow (1895). Nematus scabrivalvis Thomson, 1871: 132–133. Lectotype designated below. Synonymy by Konow (1890). Amauronematus lateralis Konow, 1895: 181–182. Holotype ♀ (HNHM), not examined. Type locality: Croatia. Secondary homonym of Nematus lateralis Norton, 1867 [Euura lateralis (Norton, 1867). Syn. nov. Amauronematus konowi Enslin, 1915: 397–398. Syntypes ♀♀, not located. Type locality: Central Europe. Synonymy by Lindqvist (1943). Amauronematus vittatus var. sternalis Enslin, 1915: 379. Syntypes ♀♀, not located. Type locality: not stated. Synonymy by Lindqvist (1962a). Amauronematus trautmanni Enslin, 1919a: 395–397. Lectotype designated below. Syn. nov. Amauronematus cameroni Perkins, 1929b: 33. Published as a new name for Nematus imperfectus sensu Cameron nec Zaddach. Types not examined. Type locality: United Kingdom, Scotland, near Glasgow and Kingussie [from Cameron 1885: 106]. Syn. nov. Amauronematus variabilis var. bergmani Malaise, 1931b: 43–44. Lectotype designated below. Syn. nov. Amauronematus piliserra Lindqvist, 1943: 101–103. Holotype (“Type”) not found. Type localities: Finland; Sund, Runsala, Pargas, Karislojo, Esbo, Munksnäs, H:gin Ymp.,Tuusula, Loppi, Merikarvia, Hattula, Pirkkala, Suojärvi, Lieksa, Nurmes, Suomussalmi and Russia, Solovetsk. Syn. nov. Amauronematus crispus Benson, 1948b: 30–31. Synonymy by Lindqvist (1962a). Amauronematus pseudofasciatus Lindqvist, 1969: 235. Syn. nov. Pteronidea kamtchatica Lindqvist, 1971a: 127. Unnecessary replacement name for Amauronematus variabilis var. bergmani Malaise, 1931. Diagnosis Females (5.5–7.5 mm) have typically pale (green in life) underside of abdomen (sterna and downturned parts of terga), mostly black to extensively pale thorax, and metafemur with black lines dorsally and ventrally. These characters should enable distinguishing E. vittata females from E. minivittata sp. nov. (smaller and downturned parts of terga extensively black) and E. tillbergi (often smaller, downturned parts of terga extensively black or abdomen nearly completely black, and metafemur black basally to completely pale). In paler specimens of E. vittata, black lines of metafemur are not visible, but completely pale mesepisternum in this case should still distinguish the females from E. tillbergi (perhaps never completely pale mesepisternum).Separation of E. vittata females fromthose of E. hulteni and E.hedstroemi may not always be possible morphologically (see notes under these species). Some specimens from the Pyrenees (e.g., DEI-GISHym11811) are nearly completely pale (unknown if green in life), strongly resembling E. punicea, which has pale cerci and malar space about 1.0 times as long as diameter of front ocellus (cerci in E. vittata tend to be dark at least at the tip and malar space is longer). Male penis valves are somewhat different (broader paravalva which is more expanding ventroapically) from the tillbergi subgroup (E. tillbergi and E. krausi), but not clearly different from the others in the vittata subgroup or even some other “ Amauronematus ”, like E. toeniata. The paratype male of Amauronematus pseudofasciatus Lindqvist (http://id.luomus.fi/GL.2756) belongs to the E. histrio group. ZMUO.058051 female (two nuclear genes almost identical to ZMUO.033960) was not green in life (grey). Based on nuclear genes, there appear to be several lineages of E. vittata. Euura vittata females on Salix caprea (mainly?) tend to have black to half pale mesepisternum, mostly black mesonotum, and almost uniformly whitish (green in life?) pterostigma, while specimens on S. fragilis and S. pentandra (mainly?) tend to have a completely pale mesepisternum and pterostigma bicoloured (centrally paler than area around it). Both morphotypes fall genetically into at least three groups when all nuclear genes are combined. Although host is not known for most of the sequenced specimens, the specimens from S. fragilis and S. pentandra tend to form one group (not monophyletic in all analyses) while S. caprea morphotype specimens fall into two groups. One typical S. caprea specimen (although host unknown, ZMUO.062061) is genetically practically identical to an intermediate looking specimen (pterostigma like in S. caprea type, thorax colouration more like S. fragilis type, ZMUO.033960) and these two specimens are genetically closer to specimens that are morphologically intermediate or almost like E. hedstroemi (e.g., ZMUO.031989, ZMUO.034292, W17671; although mesepisternum is almost completely pale unlike in E. hedstroemi). Interestingly, when examining individual nuclear genes and haplotypes of some of these specimens (ZMUO.062061, ZMUO.031989, W17671), the same specimen can be closer to S. caprea or S. fragilis type, or even to E. hulteni. There are two other nuclear lineages represented only by males (DEI-GISHym31870 and DEI-GISHym31850 from the Austrian alps as one cluster, and ZMUO.064779 from Finland as the second), but it is not clear which species they represent. Nevertheless, we treat these two lineages as E. vittata as they are not more distant from other E. vittata specimens than individual haplotypes often found within the same female specimen. Type material examined Lectotype Nematus melanoleucus, here designated GERMANY • ♀; northern Germany [according to Hartig 1840: 22]; NFVG, GBIF-GISHym4685. Notes Best morphological match: DEI-GISHym19414. Lectotype Nematus scabrivalvis, here designated SWEDEN – Skåne • ♀; Ringsjön; 55.88° N, 13.51° E; MZLU, MZLU2017296. Lectotype Amauronematus trautmanni, here designated GERMANY – Bayern • ♀; Oberstdorf; 47.42° N, 10.30° E; 24 May 1919; E. Enslin leg.; ZSM, GBIFGISHym3052. Notes Best morphological match: DEI-GISHym84171. Lectotype Amauronematus variabilis var. bergmani, here designated RUSSIA – Kamchatka oblast • ♀; Nischne-Kamtchatsk, Lake Azhabachye; 56.166° N, 161.893° E; R. Malaise leg.; NHRS, NHRS-HEVA000006408. Paralectotype Amauronematus variabilis var. bergmani RUSSIA • 1 ♀; same data as for lectotype; NHRS, NHRS-HEVA000006407. Notes Nearly perfect morphological match: ZMUO.031989. Holotype Amauronematus crispus UNITED KINGDOM – England • ♀; Huntingdonshire, Woodwalton Fen; 52.443° N, 0.191° W; 10–11 Jun. 1947; R.B. Benson leg.; BMNH, B.M.TYPEHYM.1.687. Holotype Amauronematus pseudofasciatus FINLAND – Uusimaa • ♀; Helsinge [Vantaa]; 60.30° N, 24.90° E; 15 May 1963; E. Lindqvist leg.; MZH, http://id.luomus.fi/GL.2755. Notes Lancet most similar to DEI-GISHym84438 (E. tillbergi). COI sequence (458 bp) of the holotype is closest to E. vittata (two fragments closest to e.g., DEI-GISHym84428, middle fragment to e.g., ZMUO.046537 [E. tillbergi]). Host plants Numerous Salix spp. have been mentioned, but several of these records may really refer to other species in the vittata group. See also the Notes, above. Genetics COI Based on 45 specimens, maximum within-species distance is 5.32% and the nearest neighbours, diverging by a minimum of 0%, are Euura hedstroemi and E. hulteni. Nuclear Based on 39 specimens, maximum within-species distance is 1.34% (0.91% based on haplotypes of individual females). The nearest neighbour, diverging by a minimum of 0.47%, is Euura hulteni. Distribution and material examined Palaearctic. Specimens studied are from Austria, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

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