Bromus rubens Linnaeus 1755

20. Bromus rubens Linnaeus (1755: 5). Figs. 64, 65. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot (1899: 71). Festuca rubens (L.) Persoon (1805: 94). Bromus scoparius var. rubens (L.) Saint-Amans (1821: 45). Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski (1934: 19). Zerna rubens (L.) Grossheim (1939: 306). Type:— SPAIN. habitat in Hispania, Loefling 84 (neotype LINN-93.28!, designated by Smith 1985: 500). Plants annual. Culms 4.5–46 cm cm tall, 0.5–1.5(–3) mm wide at base, erect or ascending, pubescent below inflorescences; nodes 1–3, glabrous. Leaf sheaths densely pubescent to pilose, hairs up to 1 mm long; auricles absent; ligules 1.8–4 mm long, lacerate, glabrous, occassionally with a few hairs along the margin; collars pubescent or pilose; blades up to 12.5(–27) cm × (0.7–)2–4(–7) mm, flat, sometimes convolute, densely pubescent abaxially and adaxially, hairs up to 0.3 mm long, margins serrulate. Panicles 3.5–10 cm long including awns, (0.5–) 2–6 cm wide, erect, compact, obovoid, usually reddish-brown to purplish at maturity, sometimes reduced a single spikelet, branches erect to strongly ascending, 0.1–0.8 cm long, shorter than spikelets, pubescent, hairs up to 0.2 mm long, usually not readily visible, shortest branch on lowest inflorescence node ≤ 6 mm, longest branch on lowest node branched 2–5 times, internodes much reduced upwards. Spikelets 2–2.5 cm long (3–4 cm including awns), florets 4–11, linear-elliptic to cuneate, moderately laterally compressed, overlapping at maturity; glumes pubescent, hairs up to 0.3 mm long, occassionally glabrous, margins hyaline, 0.1–0.2 mm wide, midnerves glabrous proximally, scabrous distally, apices acute, sometimes acuminate; lower glumes 6–9.5 mm × 0.5–1 mm, 1-nerved, narrowly lanceolate, green to purple along nerve; upper glumes 9–12 mm long, lanceolate, 3-nerved, green to purple along and between nerves; lemmas 10–15 mm × 1.5–3 mm, elliptic to lanceolate, rounded over the backs, apices bidentate, teeth 1–3 mm long, 5–7-nerved, green to purple along and between nerves, scabrous or pubescent, hairs on back ca. 0.2 mm long, marginal hairs often longer, up to 0.6 mm long, margins hyaline, 0.2–0.4 mm wide; awns 8–21 mm long, inserted 1.5–4 mm below lemma apices, straight, slightly spreading at maturity, scabrous; paleas shorter and narrower than the lemmas, backs pubescent, keels ciliate, cilia 0.1–0.6 mm long; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long; caryopses 8−10 mm long. 2 n = 4 x = 28 (Sánchez Anta et al. 1988, Vogt & Aparicio 1999, Sheidai & Fadaei 2005). Distribution: —Introduced. Bromus rubens is known only from northern Baja California and northwestern Sonora in México (Fig. 66). In the United States it occurs in California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, New México, Utah and Texas (Pavlick et al. 2007, Salo 2005). Native to Europe. Salo (2005) traced the origins and spread of B. rubens (as B. madritensis subsp. rubens) in North America. The first record of the taxon in México was collected on Guadalupe Island in 1931–1932 (Howell 8280, not seen) (Howell 1942). It was first collected on mainland Baja California in 1956 (Howell s.n., ARIZ-169348) (Salo 2005), and was first collected in Sonora in the early 1980s (Felger 2000, Salo 2005). The species is expanding in Sonora, particularly in the Sierra Pinacate, and is now common in northern Sonora east of Pinacate Peak (Felger 2000). Bromus rubens is outcompeting B. berteroanus in the Sierra Pinacate (Felger 2000). Ecology:— Disturbed habitats along drainages, flats and slopes; natural habitats in the Sierra Pinacata at higher elevations (Felger 2000). Elevation: 0–1325 m. Common Names: ―Red brome, foxtail brome, foxtail chess (English); bromo rojo (Spanish). Comments: —See discussion under B. madritensis. Specimens Examined:— MÉXICO. Baja California: 4–6 mi Nof El Rosario, [30.05°N, 115.7167°W], 1 March 1987, R. Perrill 5762 (ANSM, ARIZ-281950); near La Misión, [32.0928°N, 116.8522°W], 28 April 1981, A.A. Beetle & R. Alcarus M-6751 (ANSM, ARIZ-230436); Punta Banda, [31.8°N, 116.5833°W], 15 km al Sde Ensenada, 25 April 1986, J.L. Elizondo 316 (ANSM, ARIZ-284704); BajaMarch entre La Misión y Ensenada, 28 April 1981, A.A. Beetle & R. Alcaraz M-6568 (ANSM, ARIZ-230430); 2.5 km Sof El Condor, 32.4417°N, 116.1583°W, 1300 m, 26 May 1979, R. Moran 27334 (SD-103404); 3 mi Eof Los Héroes de la Independencia, on road from Ensenada to San Felipe, [32.49°N, 116.87°W], 1040 m, 17 May 1979, J.R. Reeder & C.G. Reeder 7203 (ARIZ-216255, SD-116087); 4 mi Sof Tijuana, [32.49°N, 116.95°W], 13 March 1956, J.T. Howell 30929 (ARIZ-169348, SD-72023); 400 yards downstream from Gilberto Castro's house, in canyon draining Santa Catarina Spring, 64 mi SE of Ensenada, [31.09°N, 116.18°W], 3700 ft [1128 m], 20 May 1961 (MEXU); a 10 km de Santa Verónica hacia Ojos Negros, [32.47°N, 116.37°W], 930 m, 26 May 1996, Jaramillo V., Villegas G. & Domínguez O. 31 (MEXU); Agua Colorado, 1 mi NE of Santa Catarina, 64 mi SE of Ensenada, 31.63°N, 115.79°W, 1181 m, 22 April 1962, R.E. Broder 693 (US-2523566); Aguaje Vargas, Isla de Cedros, [28.19°N, 115.21°W], 600 m, 24 June 1977, L.M. Villareal de Puga, 10643 (MEXU); along highway Sof Rosarito, 32.3333°N, 117.0333°W, 10 m, 12 April 1980, R. Moran 28182 (SD-104985); along the highway ca. 10 mi SE of El Rosario, 30.05°N, 115.55°W, 14 February 1988, R. Moran 7648 (SD-129163); Arroyo de Agua Caliente, 32.11°N, 116.4°W, 1 May 1981, R. Guzmán 1341-b (MEXU); Arroyo de Colonet, [30.97°N, 116.33°W], 5 May 1981, M. Montoya & V. Morales 240 (MEXU); Arroyo Nueva York just below the old ranch site, 30.7167°N, 115.7167°W, 485 m, 22 April 1975, R. Moran 21916 (SD-91210); Arroyo Santa Catarina 5 mi from the mouth, 29.5833°N, 115.2333°W, 75 m, 27 March 1970, R. Moran 16990 (SD-76754); at Wbase of Cerro Piñon, 3 mi Nof El Álamo, 31.6333°N, 116.0333°W, 1175 m, 29 May 1970, R. Moran 17629 (SD-75040); ca. 1 mi Nof Camalú, 30.88°N, 116.0667°W, 120 m, 26 March 1979, J.R. Reeder & C.G. Reeder 7117 (ARIZ-215925, US-2861058, MEXU, SD-116064); ca. 23 mi Sof Tecate, 32.24°N, 116.6333°W, 23 March 1974, J. Taylor & C. Taylor 15619 (MO, NY, US-2914792); camino entre El Sauzal y San Antonio de las Minas, al Nde Ensenada, [31.99°N, 116.58°W], 28 April 1981, R. Guzmán M. 1213 (MEXU); Cañón de Guadalupe, 32.15°N, 115.81°W, ca. 500 m, 23 March 1986, R.F. Thorne, S. Boyd et al. 61788 (RSA-POM-349192); Cañón el Saladito, 14 km SE of San Vicente, 31.2458°N, 116.1333°W, 170 m, 11 April 1982, R. Moran 30363 (SD-110844); Cedros Island, Cerro de Cedros, 28.15°N, 115.2167°W, 1050 m, 16 April 1983, T. Oberbauer, H. Wier & E. Wier 48 (SD-127653); Cedros Island, Sslope of Cedros Mountain, 28.1333°N, 115.2167°W, 1000 m, 15 April 1963, R. Moran 10624 (SD-53994); Cerro Bola, [32.3167°N, 115.82°W], 1275 m, 14 March 1987, R.F. Thorne, A. Liston & O. Mistretta 62138 (RSA-POM-431268); City of Ensenada, 31.8758°N, 116.6131°W, 3 April 2007, F. Casillas 82 (SD-182572); Ejido Reforma Agraria Integral, 29 April 1994, Jaramillo V., Villegas G. & Miranda 948 (ANSM, MEXU); El Rosario Mesa, [32.5°N, 116.87°W], 2.5 mi Nof El Rosario, near airfield, 16 March 1985, J. Hoffman s.n. (ARIZ-253838, MSC-291335); Guadalupe Island, canyon mouth ca. 3 mi Sof NE Anchorage, 29.1083°N, 118.275°W, 5 m, 18 April 1957, R. Moran 5976 (MEXU, SD-47199); Guadalupe Island, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], 5 June 1983, A.E. Meling L. 43 (SD-119455); Guadalupe Island, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], April 1982, A.E. Meling L. 1 (SD-119460); Guadalupe Island, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], ca. 1000 m, 28 March 1988, R.F. Thorne 63057 (RSA-POM-494579); Guadalupe Island, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], July 1983, A.E. Meling L. (SD-119438); Guadalupe Island, 29.1181°N, 118.3181°W, 1000 m, 28 March 1988, R.F. Thorne 63057 (MEXU); Guadalupe Island, Campamento bosque, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], 27 March 1982, A.E. Meling L. 38 (SD-119489); Guadalupe Island, mouth of Long Canyon, 29.0083°N, 118.2333°W, 50 m, 16 April 1970, R. Moran 17363 (SD-74766); Guadalupe Island, NE ridge, 29.175°N, 118.2833°W, 550 m, 12 April 1970, R. Moran 17278 (SD-74773); Guadalupe Island, North Twin Canyon, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], 24 April 1958, I.L. Wiggins & W.R. Ernst 76 (GH); Guadalupe Island, Sof Oak Canyon, [29.04°N, 118.34°W], 850 m, 1 March 1965, R. Moran 12026 (RSA-POM-172519, US-2461506, SD-59964); head of San Matías Pass, Nof Hwy. 3, [31.3°N, 115.51°W], ca. 920 m, 19 April 1985, R.F. Thorne & D. Charlton 60098 (RSA-POM-351834); La Concepción, [31.0167°N, 115.6167°W], 1600 m, 31 May 1968, R. Moran 15008 (MEXU); La Huerta, Sierra Juárez, 31.9333°N, 116.1333°W, 950 m, 1 September 1969, L. Hinton 1 (SD-75204); La Misión, between Ensenada and Tijuana, in arroyo bottom along Sside of river, 32.0908°N, 116.8767°W, 10 m, 18 April 1998, J. Rebman, P. Flanagan & La Misión Community Group 5093 (SD-144707); Laguna Hanson, Constitución National Park, Sierra de Juárez, [31.97°N, 115.84°W], 1610–1625 m, 28 May 1983, R.F. Thorne, W. Wisura, W. Steinmetz et al. 55765 (RSA-POM-310490); Las Chichihuas, 14 km SE of La Misión, 32.0083°N, 116.75°W, 350 m, 14 March 1979, R. Moran 26739 (SD-101889); Los Coronados Islands, on NE slope above Hotel Cove, S Island, 32.5792°N, 117.2458°W, 100 m, 7 May 1976, R. Moran 23106 (SD-95655); mesa near canyon rim SE of La Misión, 32.075°N, 116.8333°W, 250 m, 20 April 1969, R. Moran 1578 7 (SD-71489); mouth of arroyo ca. 2 mi NE of Yubay, 29.2167°N, 114.0167°W, 775 m, 19 April 1973, R. Moran 20578 (SD-87141); Mpio. Ensenada, "Llano Colorado" km 77 carretera Ensenada-San Felipe, [31.68°N, 115.93°W], 1160 m, 15 May 1997, L. Aragón M. 570 (MEXU); Mpio. Ensenada, 1.5–2.5 mi upstream from Rincon, 4.5 mi NE of Santa Catarina, 64 mi SE of Ensenada, 31.67°N, 115.76°W, 1250 m, 22 April 1962, R.E. Broder 705 (US-2523567); Mpio. Ensenada, 400 yds downstream from Gilberto Castro's house, in canyon draining Santa Catarina Spring, Santa Catarina, 31.6167°N, 115.8°W, 64 m, 1128 m, 20 May 1961, R.E. Broder 423 (US-2523565); Mpio. Ensenada, El Tigre, en el km 30 de la carretera libre E

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