Alaptus pallidicornis Foerster 1856

Alaptus pallidicornis Foerster, 1856 (Figs 111–129) Alaptus pallidornis Foerster 1856: 120. Type locality: environs of Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Alaptus excisus Westwood 1879: 586 –587 + plate LXXIII (figs 10, 11). Type locality: England, not specified but possibly Wilton, Wiltshire Co., UK. Synonymized under A. pallidicornis by Hincks 1959: 146 –147. Alaptus pallidornis Foerster (or Förster): Westwood 1879: 587 (comment); Vidal 2001: 60 (list); Pricop 2008: 36 –37 (distribution, host associations, taxonomic notes), 39, 45 (illustrations); Pricop 2009: 123 (list); Pricop 2010a: 70 (list); Noyes 2016 (database). Alaptus pallidicornis Foerster (or Förster): Kirchner 1867: 201 (catalog); Westwood 1879: 587 (as A.? pallidicornis); Dalla Torre 1898: 428 (catalog, name emendation); Girault 1908: 184 (list, comments); Girault 1910: 244 (list); Soyka 1937: 75 – 76 (historical review, redescription, invalid designation of “ neotypes ”, distribution); Soyka 1939b: 30 (key); Debauche 1948: 55 –58 (list, key, diagnosis of both sexes, remarks), plate VII (illustrations); Soyka 1948: 74 (key); Kryger 1950: 35 (list, English translation of the original description); Soyka 1949: 14 (illustration); Soyka 1950: 121 (distribution); Hincks 1959: 143 (illustration), 146–147 (historical review, diagnosis); Hincks 1960: 170, 172 (mentioned); New 1969: 182 –192 (biology); Trjapitzin 1978: 521 (key, distribution, host associations); Donev 1978: 458 (distribution); Graham 1982: 194 (comments); Vikberg 1982: 142 (list); Donev 1987: 75 (distribution); Viggiani & Jesu 1988: 1020 (distribution in Italy, comments); Viggiani 1989: 144 (illustration of male genitalia); Pintureau & Keita 1990: 239 (host associations), 242 (population dynamics); Pagliano & Navone 1995: 35 (list); Triapitsyn 2002: 215 –216 (distribution, hosts, comments); Baquero & Jordana 2002: 77 (measurements), 79 (distribution, host associations), 87, 91 (illustrations); Arnaldos et al. 2004: 226 (list); Viggiani 2005: 61 –62 (illustration and description of male genitalia); Huber et al. 2009: 271 (list); Pricop 2010b: 92 –93 (list, statistics); Triapitsyn 2015: 218 (list). Alaptus minimus Walker: Girault 1908: 182 –184 (redescription, in part). Alaptus excisus Westwood: Dalla Torre 1898: 428 (catalog); Girault 1908: 185 –186 (list, history, comments). Metalaptus torquatus Malenotti 1917: 339 -340. Syntypes: 5 females and 1 male on slides in Faure’s liquid [type depository unknown, most likely lost] (not examined) (Malenotti 1918). Type localities: Centuripe, Catania and Palermo, Sicily, Italy (Malenotti 1918). Syn. n. (from the previous synonymy under A. auranti by Nikol’skaya 1952: 540, followed by Peck 1963: 26). Metalaptus torquatus Malenotti: Malenotti 1918: 82 –92 (redescription, illustrations, type information, comments, etc.); Viggiani & Jesu 1988: 1020 (most likely a synonym of A. pallidicornis). Alaptus psocidivorus Gahan 1927: 180 –181. Type locality: Stanford University, Stanford, Santa Clara Co., California, USA. Syn. n. Alaptus psocidivorus Gahan: Spruyt 1927: 182 –184 (biology, host association, good illustrations of both sexes); Soyka 1939b: 31 (list); Peck 1963: 28 (catalog); Doutt 1973: 222 (fossil records); Guzmán-Larralde et al. 2017: 9 (list). Alaptus minimus (Haliday) Walker: Bakkendorf 1934: 17 –23 (hosts, development, distribution, illustrations: in most part, misidentification), 131 (hosts). Alaptus torquatus (Malenotti): Debauche 1948: 55 (list). Alaptus pechlaneri Soyka 1948: 73 –74. Type locality: Arzler Alm (1200 m), Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria. Syn. n. Alaptus fusculus (Haliday) Walker: Kryger 1950: 34 (in part, misidentification). Type material examined. Alaptus pallidicornis Foerster: lectotype female [NHMW], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding the status of the type specimens of this taxon, on slide (Fig. 111) labeled: 1. [in W. Soyka’s handwriting, copied from the original labels] “Collect. G. Mayr ♀ 2.8.47. Fenster Förster, Type In Canadab.”; 2. [red] “Type”; 3. [W. Soyka’s slide number, apparently one of the first ones he made of the A. Foerster specimens] “12”; 4. [in W. Soyka’s handwriting] “ Alaptus ♀ pallidicornis Förster ohne Fühler det. Soyka (Canadabals.)”. The lectotype (Fig. 112) is in poor condition, shriveled, lacking flagellum of one antenna, 1 hind wing, and 3 legs; one fore wing (Fig. 113) is detached from the body; yet it is the most complete specimen among the three original syntypes. The collection date was 2.viii.1847. Paralectotypes [NHMW]: 1 ♀ on slide (Fig. 116) labeled: 1. [the original A. Foerster’s label; prior to being slide-mounted by W. Soyka sometime in the mid 1930s, the three syntypes had been mounted on minuten pins, probably inserted in the same balsa wood piece on one pin] “♀ 2/8 47. [an illegible word] Fenster.”, 2. [partially in India Ink, partially printed] “ Al. pallidicornis Förster, Type”, 3. [printed] “Collect. G. Mayr”, 4. [W. Soyka’s slide number] “13”, 5. [W. Soyka’s label] “ Alaptus ♀ pallidicornis Förster (Canadabal.) ” (the specimen (Fig. 115) is in very bad condition, poorly remounted, and incomplete: missing are the entire anterior part of mesosoma, head, antennae, and all legs except for 1 hind leg; remainder of the body is mounted laterally and one fore wing (Fig. 114) is detached); 1 ♀ on slide labeled: 1. [in W. Soyka’s handwriting, copied from the original labels] “Collect. G. Mayr ♀ 2.8.47 Fenster Förster, Type”, 2. [in W. Soyka’s handwriting] “ Alaptus ♀ pallidicornis Förster (Canadabals.) ” (the specimen, which could rather belong to A. minimus although that is not certain, is in poor condition, shriveled, lacking pedicels and flagella of both antennae and 3 legs; one pair of wings and 3 legs are detached from the body). Alaptus excisus Westwood: neotype female [OUMNH], here designated to avoid any ambiguity about the identity of this species, on a large card (Fig. 119) labeled: “ Alaptus excisus (Soyka) Mymar 188h [or 188sh] ♀ [encircled] ♀ ♂ [encircled] ♂ [an illegible word] F. Whitmarsh”, 2. “ TYPE HYM 684 21/2 Alaptus excisus WESTWOOD HOPE DEPT. OXFORD”. There is also a conspecific male on the same card with the neotype, both are intact and mounted on their backs. Graham (1982) was not sure if these specimens were the original syntypes because of the ambiguous year of collection indicated on the label, and particularly because Westwood (1879) explicitly indicated that a female and a male, collected by Whitmarsh in 1871, were mounted on glass slides in Canada balsam; these are lost (Hincks 1959; Graham 1982). Graham (1982) also suggested that a neotype could be designated if needed, based on one of these dry-mounted non-type specimens in OUMNH. I believe that it is reasonable because there is no doubt that these were also collected by F. Whitmarsh and represent A. excisus, identified as such by J.O. Westwood. I accept the synonymy of A. excisus under A. pallidicornis, as established by Hincks (1959). Alaptus pechlaneri Soyka: holotype female (as “type” in the original description) [NHMW] on slide (Fig. 121) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ pechlaneri (Soyka) dt. Soyk. Type”, 2. [red] “Type”, 3. “Innsbruck Arzler Alm 1200 m, lg Pechlaner 12 Sept. 1948 In Canadab”. The collector was E. Pechlaner. The holotype (Fig. 120) is in fair condition, lacking one antenna, mounted laterally. Paratype (as “cotype” in the original description): 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled the same as the holotype except the second (red) label says “Co-Type”. Alaptus psocidivorus Gahan: holotype and paratype females [USNM] on slide (Fig. 122) labeled: 1. “ ALAPTUS n.sp. FROM EGGS OF PSOCUS CALIF. STANFORD UNIV. 1923 F.J. Sprüyt, Coll. ♀♀ FJS’”; 2. [red] “ Alaptus psocidivorus Gahan ♀ Type Type No. 28676 U.S.N.M.”; 3. [database barcode] “USNMENT 01049087”. The likely holotype (Fig. 123, the female which is next to its both (detached) fore wings (Fig. 124), which lacks flagellum of one antenna, both hind wings, tibia and tarsus of one fore leg, one hind leg except metacoxa and also tarsus of the other hind leg) is otherwise in fair condition and mounted dorsoventrally under the same coverslip with another female (a likely paratype which lacks most of its wings). Gahan (1927, p. 181) mentioned that “Type, allotype, and thirty-six para-types in the United States National Museum”, so it is absolutely impossible to figure out which of these two females was considered him to be the “type” (= the holotype), but it can be assumed that the more complete specimen is far more likely to be the holotype. Other, uncounted specimens of both sexes of the type series mentioned by Gahan (1927) are paratypes. Those examined in USNM are as follows: 1 ♀ on slide labeled: 1. “from: Psocid Eggs on: HETEROMELES Club Shaped Antenna April 9, 23 F. J. Spruÿt Entomological Laboratory Stanford University”, 2. [red] “ Alaptus psocidivorus Gahan Paratype No. 28676 U.S.N.M.”; 7 ♀, 9 ♂ on slide labeled as above except: “Ex. psocid eggs IV-9 - Collected north of Museum at nursery gate Stanford Univ. Calif. F. J. Spruyt, Coll.” and also 1 ♀ on a separate slide; 1 ♂ (the original allotype) on slide labeled: “ ALAPTUS n. sp. from: Psocid Eggs on: HETEROMELES. The cool shaped antennae April 9, 23 F. J. Spruÿt Entomological Laboratory Stanford University ♂.”; 1 ♀, 3 ♂ on slide labeled: “ Alaptus n. sp. Gahan Ex psocid eggs Stanford Univ Apr. 1923. F. J. Spruyt, Col.”. Also the following specimens on three slides in USNM were similarly labeled by A.B. Gahan as paratypes and apparently included in the paratype series even though they were not collected in April 1923 as stated in the original description: 1 ♀: “Parasite in eggs of Psocid. Coll. Mch. 20, 1923 Stanford Univ. Calif North of Museum. Emerged in cage Mch. 31, 1923 F. J. Spruÿt, Coll.”; 1 ♀, 2 ♂, same data; 5 ♀, 4 ♂: “Ex. Psocid eggs V-11-23. Reared in Laboratory Stanford Univ. Calif. F. J. Spruyt, Coll.”. According to the original description, the other paratypes

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