Bibliographic record
Abstract
The previous decade of CMB science has led to incredible new discoveries and key science results including the detection of CMB lensing from temperature and polarization measurements, constraints on light relics and primordial non-Gaussianity and the measurements of Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signals by leveraging the CMB as a backlight to astrophysical objects between us and the last scattering surface. With significant improvements to detector and cryogenic technologies, the coming decade promises to be just as rich scientifically. We discuss fundamental science with CMB fluctuations, including the search for primordial B-modes on large scales to constrain the inflation through the tensor-to-scalar ratio, the dark sector through neutrino mass and light relics with the small-scale CMB power spectrum. We highlight current and planned advances in sensitivity of the CMB facilities and describe international collaborations with significant Canadian participation, including the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, the South Pole Telescope, SPIDER, BICEP-Keck, CGEM, the Simons Observatory, CCAT-p, TAURUS, CMB Stage-4, and LiteBIRD, and the Canadian involvement in the international CMB landscape. In a separate paper, we will highlight the science possible with wide surveys at submm-to-mm wavelengths, including measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect from galaxies, the Cosmic Infrared Background, and cross-correlations with other probes to learn about astrophysics at intermediate redshifts. Our white paper will outline the complementarity of various Canadian CMB efforts on the ground, in balloons and in space. We will address the need for Canadian support of these projects, to leverage the significant expertise in both theoretical and experimental cosmology within Canada. Canadians have been supported through traditional funding mechanisms (NSERC, CFI) for their ground-based efforts. As the community coalesces around LiteBIRD as the major satellite-based observatory for CMB polarization, dedicated mission-level funding is needed from the Canadian Space Agency for Canadians to realize their global leadership—this funding is the most challenging aspect of CMB science for the next decade.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.185 | 0.039 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".