Bibliographic record
Abstract
200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus watsoni French: Dermanure de Watson / German: Thomas-Fruchtvampir / Spanish: Artibeo de Watson Other common names: Watson's Fruit-eating Bat Taxonomy. Artibeus watson: Thomas, 1901, “Bogava [= Bugaba,] Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude 250 m.” Artibeus watsoni is placed in Dermanura by some authors, but it was reassigned to Artibeus (subgenus Dermanura) after reinterpretation of molecular results. Dermanura jucundum Elliot 1906 from Veracruz (S Mexico) has been considered a synonym; A. incomitatus described by E. K. V. Kalko and C. O. Handley, Jr., 1994 from Isla Escudo (Panama) is molecularly the same as A. watson. Other authors also listed A. rosenbergi from north-western Ecuador as a synonym, but it is a distinct species based on molecular and morphological analyses. Monotypic. Distribution. From S Mexico (Veracruz) through Central America (mainly in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica) to SE Panama. Records from NW South America would represent A. rosenbergi, which was thought to be part of this taxon. Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-58 mm (tailless), ear 14-17 mm, hindfoot 8-12 mm, forearm 35-41 mm; weight 9-15-6 g. Thomas’s Fruit-eating Bat is small, with facial stripes and short broad rostrum. Dorsalfur is gray-brown or tan, long (6-7 mm), fluffy, and faintly tricolored. Rostrum has two well-marked white facial stripes, but supraocular is more evident than subocular. Ventralfur is slightly paler than dorsum. Ears and noseleaf are pale brown, and bases of ears are sometimes edged in white, cream, or rarely yellow. Horseshow of noseleafis free. Fur covers more than one-half of each forearm. Wing membranes are brownish, except for second interdigital membrane that lacks pigmentation. Tail membrane is pale brown, moderated in size (10-12 mm), U-shaped, and almost completely naked. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 2/3 (x2) = 30. Skull has inflated frontal and supraorbital areas. Hypocone (talon) on M' is narrow, and M, is small, but it does not have defined cusps. Habitat. Common to abundant in semideciduous and evergreen lowlands forests, second growth, and fruit groves and also upland and swamp forests on islands from lowlands to elevations of ¢. 1500 m (usually below 800 m). Thomas’s Fruit-eating Bat favors taller and more humid forests than the Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (A. phaeotis). Food and Feeding. Thomas’s Fruit-eating Bat is mainly frugivorous and includes fruits of Ficus spp. (Moraceae), Cecropia spp. (Urticaceae), and Piper spp. (Piperaceae) in its diet. Breeding. Breeding pattern of Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat has been characterized as a bimodal polyestry. Most reproductive females were found in February and June but records include February-April,July-August, and November. Without exception, each gravid female had one embryo. Activity patterns. Thomas’s Fruit-eating Bats is nocturnal. It seems to be active at the first hour after sunset and again in early morning hours. It appears to be an obligate tent-maker because it has not been found roosting in other situations. For tents,it modifies leaves of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae), banana (Musaceae), bifid and palmate palm (Anthurium, Araceae), and species of Cyclanthaceae. Leaves are cut in a variety of styles, depending on shape and size. Individuals (usually males) occupying a tent roost make distinctive multiharmonic social call. These calls could help females find available roosts, or indicate presence of a male in the tent to other males. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas’s Fruit-eating Bat roost alone or form small groups. Variation in roost fidelity among males and females, and among individuals under different breeding conditions, depended on relative roost availability. In a fragmented landscape in Panama, home ranges of radio-tracked individuals varied widely from 1-8 ha to 17-9 ha (mean c.9 ha). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Dermanura watsoni). Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat has a wide distribution, is locally common, occurs in protected areas, and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification, suggesting population stability. Bibliography. Albrecht et al. (2007), Andersen (1908c), Chaverri et al. (2007), Davis (1970a), Gillam et al. (2013), Kalko & Handley (1994), LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002), Reid (2009), Rodriguez-Herrera et al. (2007), Stoner (2001), Thomas (1897a, 1901a), Timm (1987).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".