Two components spectrum in the phase scintillation observed in the auroral region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<!--!introduction!--> Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) measurements made by the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) are used to scrutinize the distortion seen in the trans-ionospheric radio signal. The analysis of ground measurements of the radio signal can therefore contribute for the understanding the plasma instability mechanisms that generate electron density structures in the ionosphere (irregularities). In this work, we describe the radio signal spectral characteristics in the auroral region (Churchill). We present examples of phase spectrum with two-components characterized by a stepper spectral slope at small scales irregularities, and a shallower slope at larger scales. The breaking point frequency is larger than the Fresnel frequency in the most cases. In return, the amplitude scintillation spectra always exhibit a single slope power behaviour. The phase spectra are examined within a two-components model developed by Fremouw et al. [1980]. In this model, the component associated with large scale electron density fluctuations is responsible for low frequency phase variations (geometrical-optics), while the small-scales produce diffractive patterns responsible for the generation of the high frequency fluctuations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".