Lake\nRecovery Through Reduced Sulfate Deposition:\nA New Paradigm for Drinking Water Treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined sulfate deposition\nin Nova Scotia from 1999\nto 2015, and its association with increased pH and organic matter\nin two protected surface water supplies (Pockwock Lake and Lake Major)\nlocated in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The study also examined the effect\nof lake water chemistry on drinking water treatment processes. Sulfate\ndeposition in the region decreased by 68%, whereas pH increased by\n0.1–0.4 units over the 16-year period. Average monthly color\nconcentrations in Pockwock Lake and Lake Major increased by 1.7 and\n3.8×, respectively. Accordingly, the coagulant demand increased\nby 1.5 and 3.8× for the water treatment plants supplied by Pockwock\nLake and Lake Major. Not only was this coagulant increase costly for\nthe utility, it also resulted in compromised filter performance, particularly\nfor the direct-biofiltration plant supplied by Pockwock Lake that\nwas found to already be operating at the upper limit of the recommended\ndirect filtration thresholds for color, total organic carbon and coagulant\ndose. Additionally, in 2012–2013 geosmin occurred in Pockwock\nLake, which could have been attributed to reduced sulfate deposition\nas increases in pH favor more diverse cyanobacteria populations. Overall,\nthis study demonstrated the impact that ambient air quality can have\non drinking water supplies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.085 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".