Feasibility study of residential cold climate air-source heat pumps as a sustainable solution in Calgary, Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Building electrification is being utilized to decarbonize the residential sector across the world. Canada has committed to becoming net-zero energy by 2050, with Alberta playing an essential part. According to the Alberta Government, the province plans to modify its electricity supply system to reduce carbon intensity significantly. Thus, this project aims to identify how these changes can create an opportunity for electrification in Alberta. Specifically, this research seeks to determine when and under what conditions installing ccASHPs on a townhouse in Calgary would make sense regarding energy consumption, GHG emissions, and costs. Compared with NGF with air-conditioning, ccASHPs consume less than 50% energy for heating, cooling, and DHW, showing improved environmental performance since 2023 or 2024, depending on the future grid scenario, but the economics are still a challenge. Current commitments and further federal and provincial incentives to electrification, energy efficiency, and cleaning the Alberta grid could change the economic prospect of ccASHPs in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".