Photocatalytic degradation of 5-fluorouracil over Algerian natural phosphate-supported TiO <sub>2</sub> catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the photocatalytic removal of the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) anticancer drug using TiO2 supported on Algerian natural phosphate (NP) under UV-A irradiation. TiO2/NP catalysts with TiO2 loadings of 0, 10, 20, and 100 wt% were prepared via thermohydrolysis of TiCl4 in aqueous medium and calcined at 600°C for 5 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the calcined NP as predominantly carbonate-fluorapatite (98%), with a minor dolomite phase (∼0.6%). The TiO2 comprised anatase (68.3%), rutile (19.7%), and brookite (12%) polymorphs. The band gap energies of the TiO2/NP catalysts were determined to be 3.42, 3.31, and 3.00 eV, for TiO2 loading of 10, 20, and 100 wt%, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of 5-FU was found to depend on both the catalyst dosage and TiO2 content, with higher loadings enhancing degradation efficiency. Under UV-A irradiation for 8 hours at a catalyst loading of 50 mg/L and pH 6, pure TiO2 demonstrated the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving over 77% degradation of 5-FU, compared to 16% and 36% for NP-supported TiO2 catalysts with 10 and 20 wt% loadings, respectively. Finally, Kinetic analysis confirmed that the photocatalytic degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction as described by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L-H) model across all operating conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".