Fish use of deep-sea sponge habitats revealed by long-term, high-resolution monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we used long-term high-temporal resolution data to gain insights into the functional use of the Sambro Bank Conservation Sponge Grounds by fish. In particular, we aimed at capturing fish behaviour and complex benthopelagic interactions over spatial and extended temporal scales (i.e. 30-minute intervals for 2-8 months, in two separate time periods through 2021-2023). To achieve this, an integrated ecosystem-based monitoring approach was used, involving data collected on the biology (time-lapse image cameras, telemetry, Chl a, video and trawl surveys), food supply (sediment traps), and oceanography (temperature, salinity, current speed and direction). Random forest models, along with time-series analytical approaches, were used to determine what drives the observed spatial and temporal differences in fish occurrences. A total of 21 different planktivorous and benthivorous fish taxa were found utilising the seafloor. We provide the first evidence that sponge grounds are utilised as nurseries by Redfish, urophycid hakes, Silver Hake, and American Plaice. Distinct diel and seasonal patterns were found. Our results also indicated that food availability, sponge density and current speeds are associated with the presence and behaviour of some juvenile and adult fish. We demonstrated that a high temporal resolution ecosystem monitoring approach, in combination with other data types, is essential for understanding how benthic habitats and environmental drivers impact valued natural resources. Such information is crucial for developing and implementing robust, evidence-based policy and management decisions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".