Occurrence and Reduction of Emerging Pollutants in the Process of Organic Solid Waste Recycling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Various emerging pollutants have been detected in organic solid waste in recent years, posing a significant threat to the environment and human health due to biotoxicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation. Organic solid waste bioconversion (aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion) is a crucial method for resource utilization and mitigating emerging pollutants. However, there is a lack of systematic summarization and understanding of the characteristics of different emerging pollutants in the bioconversion of organic solid waste and their degradation pathways. Based on a literature review, this paper summarizes the current research status of typical emerging pollutants in the process of organic solid waste resource utilization, including persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, antibiotics, and microplastics. It analyzes the characteristics of emerging pollutants in different types of organic solid wastes (food waste, municipal sludge, and livestock manure). It also explores the effects of aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion on removing these pollutants and the strategies for improving removal efficiency. Overall, the average concentration of endocrine disruptors in organic solid waste (23158 μg/kg) is higher than that of antibiotics (12418 μg/kg) and persistent organic pollutants (1268 μg/kg), with the average concentration of microplastics being 34 703 particles/kg. Antibiotics, used as antimicrobial agents and growth promoters, are currently the most studied emerging contaminants, primarily concentrated in livestock manure, where their concentrations are also higher. Research on persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, and microplastics, which are produced by industrial activities and daily human life, is mainly focused on municipal sludge, where their concentrations are also higher. Municipal sludge and livestock manure carrying emerging pollutants may migrate into crops after land application, thereby contaminating food and derived food waste. Currently, there is relatively little research on emerging pollutants in food waste and its treatment. A review of the literature reveals that research on emerging pollutants in the resource utilization process of organic solid waste spans 33 countries. China is the country with the most research on emerging contaminants (accounting for 72%, which may be related to the number of universities), followed by the United States, Poland, Spain, Canada, and Australia. Research on emerging pollutants is predominantly focused on anaerobic digestion, though there are regional differences. For example, regions such as Shanghai, Hunan, and Jiangsu in China, as well as some foreign countries, primarily focus on anaerobic digestion, while regions like Heilongjiang, Henan, and Guangdong in China mainly focus on aerobic composting. The bioconversion of organic solid waste can effectively control and reduce emerging pollutants in organic solid waste, with aerobic composting generally showing higher capabilities for removing emerging pollutants compared to anaerobic digestion. Finally, further research directions regarding emerging pollutants in organic solid waste resource utilization are discussed to guide subsequent work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".