Conditions géographiques de mise en liberté et de probation imposées aux manifestants : une atteinte injustifiée aux droits à la liberté d’expression, de réunion pacifique et d’association
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Au cours des dernières décennies, les espaces publics se sont refermés sur les manifestants et les dissidents politiques. Que ce soit par des techniques policières de contrôle des foules, des arrestations de masse ou par l’adoption de règlements visant à encadrer le droit de manifester, ces personnes sont des plus en plus nombreuses à être prises en charge par le système de justice pénale. Dans ce contexte, le recours aux conditions de mise en liberté et de probation ayant des effets géographiques — telles que des conditions de ne pas se trouver dans certains lieux publics, de respecter un certain périmètre ou un couvre-feu, de ne pas s’associer à certains groupes et personnes ou de ne pas participer à un rassemblement public ou une manifestation —, imposées à des moments stratégiques, soulève des questions importantes au regard des libertés d’expression, de réunion pacifique et d’association. Or, on constate qu’il n’y a encore que très peu de contestations de ces conditions. En nous fondant sur un travail de terrain auprès de manifestants assujettis à de telles conditions à Montréal, Toronto et Vancouver et une analyse de la jurisprudence, nous explorons les conséquences de ces conditions sur leur droit à la liberté d’expression, de réunion pacifique et d’association ainsi que différents obstacles à la formulation d’arguments constitutionnels. Outre les contraintes juridiques et celles propres à la pratique du droit criminel, nous suggérons que l’absence de contestation peut être aussi liée à des considérations spatiales et géographiques largement ignorées par les tribunaux. En nous appuyant sur la géographie critique du droit, nous militons en faveur d’une plus grande compréhension spatiale de la liberté d’expression ainsi que des outils utilisés pour la réprimer. In recent decades, public spaces have become increasingly constrained for protestors and political dissidents. Whether through crowd-control policing techniques, mass arrests, or the enactment of regulations intended to constrain the right to protest, these persons have been captured by the criminal justice system in greater and greater numbers. In this context, conditions of release and probation having geographical effects—such as restrictions on access to certain public spaces, conditions imposing a boundary or a curfew, restrictions on associating with certain groups and persons or restricting participation in public demonstrations or protests—imposed at strategic moments, raise important questions related to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association. We note, however, that there have been very few rights-based challenges to these conditions. Using interviews with protesters subject to such conditions in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, along with case-law analysis, we will explore the consequences of these conditions on the right to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly, and association, as well as the obstacles to using constitutional challenges to such conditions. Aside from legal constraints, especially those particular to the practice of criminal law, we suggest that the absence of legal challenges may also be linked to geographical and spatial considerations largely ignored by courts. Supported by a critical geography, we advocate for a greater spatial understanding of freedom of expression and the tools used to repress it.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".