Laser polarization dependence of strong-field ionization in lithium niobate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laser micromachining techniques using femtosecond laser pulses are employed for the fabrication of a wide range of devices, from optical waveguides and fiber Bragg gratings to microfluidic systems. In this perspective, it is important to characterize how transparent materials respond to the high-intensity laser field in order to fully understand and control the strong-field ionization process at the core of such techniques. Here, we characterize the laser polarization dependence of $y$-cut and $x$-cut ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO$_3$) upon ionization. Using linearly polarized 1800-nm femtosecond pulses, we perform single-shot laser-induced ablation measurements to obtain a macroscopic observable with a large contrast compared to all-optical techniques. In the tunnel ionization regime, the crystal orientation can be correlated with the structural symmetry/asymmetry of the material. This is revealed through a variation of the ablated area when the laser polarization is rotated with respect to the c axis of the crystal. It is further found that ablation is more pronounced when the laser polarization is oriented towards angular regions containing Nb-O bonds of the unit cell, identifying the main chemical bonds contributing to the ionization of the material. The experimental results are supported by numerical simulations based on a two-band model for LiNbO$_3$.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".