Trace amine-associated receptor 1 as a novel immunomodulatory target in multiple sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TAAR1 is a previously established neuroregulator with emerging evidence suggesting a role in modulation of the immune response. Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This study investigated expression of TAAR1 in immune cells relevant to MS pathophysiology in both the periphery and CNS of MS patients. RT-qPCR analyses of TAAR1 mRNA levels in peripheral immune cells from MS patients shared a statistically significant decrease in TAAR1 mRNA in MS patient monocytes compared to controls. TAAR1 expression at the protein-level was visualized in both peripherally-derived and CNS-resident macrophages bordering an MS lesion. Additionally, this study attempted to characterize a function of TAAR1 within the immune system that is relevant to MS neuroinflammation. Effects of TAAR1 agonist treatment on cytokine secretion and on the metabolic profile of pro-inflammatory macrophages from the periphery indicated a potential anti-inflammatory function, however, TAAR1 agonists had no effect on cytokine secretion from macrophages resident to the CNS. This study effectively demonstrates the potential for a novel link between TAAR1 and MS pathophysiology and establishes critical preliminary research towards elucidating the function of TAAR1 in peripheral and CNS-resident macrophages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".