Bibliographic record
Abstract
The radome of weather radars can be covered with a layer of water, degrading the quality of the radar products. Considering a simplified setup with a planar replica of the Swiss weather radars’ radome, we measure and model analytically its scattering parameters, with and without water. The measured reflectance of the dry radome replica agrees well with the one modeled according to the manufacturer specifications. Water forms droplets on the hydrophobic surface, but water films thicker than 1 mm can be created. Meteorologically more realistic thinner water films are expected on old radomes that have become hydrophilic with aging. Using hygroscopic silk and cotton tissues, we empirically imitate water films as thin as less than 0.1 mm. The measurements align with the simple analytical model of uniform plane wave incidence on the radome and water film but could be further improved by taking refraction and bending of the radome replica into account. Simulations with the General Reflector Antenna Software Package (GRASP) from TICRA complement the study for a representative setup with a spherical radome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".