Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microrhopala excavata (Olivier) (Figs. 11, 53–56, 135–136) Reared specimens. COLORADO: Fremont Co., Bear Creek, Forest Rd. 101, off of 49 Rd, 7.vii.2015, em. by 19.vii–2.viii.2015, C.S. Eiseman, ex Solidago, # CSE1718 (6 adults, MLBM); MAINE: Hancock Co., Gouldsboro, Chicken Mill Pond Rd., 2.viii.2019, em. 2–14.viii.2019, C.S. Eiseman & K. Fowler, ex Euthamia graminifolia, # CSE5746 (2 adults, MLBM); MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., Northfield, 276 Old Wendell Rd., 25.vii.2017, em. 12.viii.2017, C.S. Eiseman, ex Solidago rugosa, # CSE4112 (1 adult, ZFMK); 4.viii.2017, em. 4.ix.2017, # CSE4223 (2 adults, ZFMK); Middlesex Co., Townsend, 42.699173, -71.664734, 20.vii.2017, em. 7.viii.2017, C.S. Eiseman, ex Doellingeria umbellata, # CSE4089 (2 adults, ZFMK). Collected specimen. MASSACHUSETTS: Worcester Co., Gardner, Old Matthews Rd (42.597124, -71.965425), 14.vi.2017, C.S. Eiseman, on Doellingeria umbellata, # CSE3819 (1 adult, ZFMK). Hosts. * Asteraceae: Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees, Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt., Solidago sp. (subsect. Triplinerviae), S. rugosa Mill. Ours are the first definite rearing records for Microrhopala excavata; Grant (1969) found adults in association with an empty leaf mine on Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners in British Columbia. All other previous host records for this species appear to refer only to caught adults; these include Doellingeria umbellata, Helianthus L., H. strumosus L., Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L. Boynton & Beadle, Solidago sp., S. drummondii Torr. & A. Gray, S. petiolaris Aiton, S. ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd., and Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) G.L. Nesom (Asteraceae) (Douglass 1929; Walker 1936; Riley & Enns 1979; Clark 1983; Ford & Cavey 1985; Clark et al. 2004). Helianthus annuus L. has been listed as a host for this beetle based on Hilgendorf & Goeden (1981), but their record is based on Walker (1936), who did not specify which of his observations involved H. annuus rather than other Helianthus spp. We have found a possible M. excavata mine on Solidago odora Aiton in North Carolina (BG 1681380). Biology. The egg is invariably laid singly on the lower leaf surface and at the leaf margin, and covered with dark brown to blackish excrement (Fig. 11). An adult was found in Massachusetts on 14 June in association with three such eggs. The mine is full-depth, with the frass mostly in long, dark strands that are densest in a roughly circular area adjacent to the egg that ultimately becomes a blisterlike swelling where pupation takes place (Figs. 53–56). This does not always form a solid black spot as in the mine of Microrhopala xerene (Newman). Our Colorado material belongs to the subspecies M. excavata cyanea (Say) and was reared from leaves of basal rosettes of an undetermined three-nerved Solidago species (Figs. 53, 134). Each mine was formed at the leaf apex but was otherwise consistent with mines of the nominate subspecies; the lower leaf surface was not photographed, so we cannot confirm the egg location, but the circular concentration of frass was adjacent to the leaf margin in each case, suggesting the egg placement is the same in this subspecies. Parasitoid. Conura odontotae (Howard) (Chalcididae) was reared from a mine of M. excavata on Solidago rugosa (CSE4142, UFES). Notes. Our six barcoded specimens, all from Massachusetts, constitute the BIN BOLD:ADP0789. Its nearest neighbor, differing by 4.17%, is BIN BOLD:ABA6340, which comprises four Ontario specimens of M. excavata. Unfortunately our specimens of M. excavata cyanea from Colorado were not barcoded.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".