Canadian historical Snow Water Equivalent dataset (CanSWE, 1928-2024)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Description (in English, French follows) The Canadian historical Snow Water Equivalent dataset (CanSWE) includes manual and automated pan-Canadian observations of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) collected by national, provincial and territorial agencies, hydropower companies and their partners, as well as academic institutions. Snow depth and derived bulk snow density are also included when available. A code describes the SWE measurement method for each site following World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards (WMO, 2019). This new dataset supersedes the most recent update of the Canadian Historical Snow Survey (CHSSD) dataset published by Brown et al. (2019) and available at https://doi.org/10.18164/cf337b6b-9a87-4ffd-a8e5-41e6498b1474. The creation of CanSWE used the 2019 CHSSD update as a starting point and involved three main steps: (i) correction and cleaning of the 2019 CHSSD update (correction of metadata, removal of duplicates), (ii) update of this cleaned dataset until July 2020 and addition of snow data from new stations and agencies, and (iii) consistent quality control of the final dataset. The version 6 of CanSWE includes over one million SWE measurements from 2945 different locations across Canada over the snow seasons 1928 – 2024 where a snow season is defined as starting August 01 and ending July 31. CanSWE is described in detail in Vionnet et al. (2021). The data are distributed in 2 formats: a NetCDF file (CanSWE-CanEEN_1928-2024_v7.nc) and a zip file containing a csv version of CanSWE (CanSWE-CanEEN_1928-2024_v7.zip). More details about the dataset, the file format and the update made in CanSWEv7 are given in the files ReadMe_CanSWE_v7.pdf (in English) and LisezMoi_CanEEN_v7.pdf (in French). Description (Francais) La base données historiques canadiennes d’Equivalent en Eau de la Neige (CanEEN) comprend des observations manuelles et automatiques de l’Equivalent en Eau de la Neige (EEN) à l’échelle du Canada collectées par des agences nationales, provinciales et territoriales, des compagnies productrices d’hydroélectricité et leurs partenaires ainsi que par des universités. Les informations sur la hauteur de neige et la masse volumique moyenne du manteau neigeux sont incluses lorsqu’elles sont disponibles. Un code qui suit les règles de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Météorologie (OMM, 2019) décrit la méthode de mesure de l’EEN pour chaque site. Cette nouvelle base de données remplace le jeu de données des Relevés Nivométriques Canadiens (RNC) publié par Brown et al. (2019) et disponible à l’adresse : https://doi.org/10.18164/cf337b6b-9a87-4ffd-a8e5-41e6498b1474. La création de CanEEN se base sur la version de 2019 des RNC et se décompose en 3 étapes principales : (i) correction et nettoyage de la version 2019 des RNC (correction des métadonnées, suppression des duplicata), (ii) mise à jour de ce jeu de données nettoyé avec des données disponibles jusqu’en Juillet 2020 et ajout de données historiques provenant de nouvelles stations et de nouveaux partenaires, (iii) contrôle qualité appliqué à l’ensemble du jeu de données. La version 7 de CanEEN inclut plus d’un million de mesures de l’EEN collectées dans 2945 stations à travers le Canada pour les années nivologiques 1928 à 2023 où une année nivologique est définie pour la période allant du 1 août au 31 juillet. CanEEN est décrit en détail dans Vionnet et al. (2021). Les données sont distribuées sous deux formats: un fichier au format NetCDF (CanSWE-CanEEN_1928-2024_v7.nc) et une archive zip contenant un fichier au format csv (CanSWE-CanEEN_1928-2024_v7.csv). Des informations complémentaires sur le jeu de données, leur format ainsi que les modifications apportées dans la version 6 sont fournies dans les fichiers ReadMe_CanSWE_v7.pdf (en Anglais) et LisezMoi_CanEEN_v7.pdf (en Francais). References/Références: Brown, R. D., Fang, B., and Mudryk, L.: Update of Canadian historical snow survey data and analysis of snow water equivalent trends, 1967–2016. Atmos. Ocean, 57, 149 156, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2019.1598843, 2019 Vionnet, V., Mortimer, C., Brady, M., Arnal, L., and Brown, R.: Canadian historical Snow Water Equivalent dataset (CanSWE, 1928–2020), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4603–4619, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4603-2021, 2021. WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Global Cryosphere Watch: Improvements in the international reporting of Snow Depth, WIGOS Newsletter, 5, 3-4, https://community.wmo.int/wigos-newsletters-archive, 2019
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".