Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling 1996

Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan Figs 3 [♀], 4[♂] Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan, 1936: 376. (Original description, keyed.) Taltonos carolinensis (Smulyan). Argaman, 1990: 204. Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling, 1996 (Taltonos subjective synonym of Perilampus). Type Material. Holotype [♀]. USA: Virginia. "Roslyn, Va. Sept. 3-1923. Captured on thistle "; USNM, Type No. 49777, USNMENT01559545, (image examined, http://n 2t.net/ark:/65665/3ce6ad39f-7095-45ec-9746- 86ac74d1c42f). Also 17 female and 2 male paratypes (Smulyan 1936). Paratypes examined [4 ♀]. USA: North Carolina. Yancey Co., Valley of Black Mountains (4 ♀: W Beutenmuller, ROME152649 - AMNH; W Beutenmuller, ROME152650 - AMNH; W Beutenmuller, ROME152651 - AMNH; W Beutenmuller, ROME152652 - AMNH). Material examined. Brazil: Minas Gerais. P.N. da Serra da Canastra, São Roque de Minas, 20°27'38.9"S, 46°30'48.9"W (1 ♂: ROME143233 - MZSP). São Paulo. Campinas (1 ♀: ROME143111 - USNM. 2 ♂: ROME143112 - USNM; ROME143113 - USNM). Costa Rica: Guanacaste. Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG)(15♀:06-SRNP-58407, DHJPAR0021672 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 99-SRNP-15036, DHJPAR0023903 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 99-SRNP-3495, DHJPAR0023904 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 91-SRNP-3136.1, DHJPAR0023905 - CNC; 98-SRNP-9534, DHJPAR0023908 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882; 93-SRNP-7077, DHJPAR0023911 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 02-SRNP-11966, DHJPAR0023913 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19905, DHJPAR0023914 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19879, DHJPAR0023915 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19879, DHJPAR0023916 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19879, DHJPAR0023917 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58423, DHJPAR0021669 - MZUCR; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19888, DHJPAR0023918 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 12-SRNP-12669, DHJPAR0051468 - ROME; BOLD: ACJ4137 / ITS2; 12-SRNP-12642, DHJPAR0051480 - ROME; BOLD: ACJ4137 / ITS2. 12 ♂: 04-SRNP-13707, DHJPAR0021330 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4872; 04-SRNP-13718, DHJPAR0021331 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4872; 85-SRNP-552, DHJPAR0023777 - CNC; 85-SRNP-552, DHJPAR0023778 - CNC; 99-SRNP-3486.06, DHJPAR0023799 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 00-SRNP-19876, DHJPAR0023919 - CNC; 00-SRNP-19876, DHJPAR0023920 - CNC; 20-SRNP-27385, DHJPAR0066296 - ROME; BOLD: AEK0124 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58474, DHJPAR0021670 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58391, DHJPAR0021674 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58472, DHJPAR0021677 - MZUCR; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58453, DHJPAR0021678 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2). Mexico: Nuevo León. Villa del Carmen (El Carmen) (1 ♂: ROME181752 - TAMU). USA: Arizona. Santa Cruz Co., Atascosa Mts, Ruby Rd. ~ 4 mi E of Ruby (1 ♀: ROME204128 - ROME). Santa Rita Mts, Montosa Canyon (1 ♀: ROME204126 - ROME); Sycamore Canyon, at FR39, 31°25.8'N, 111°11.4'W (1 ♀: ROME152657 - CNC; BOLD: AEU5522 / ITS2). Georgia. Rabun Co., Satolah (♂: ROME204114 - ESUW). Illinois. Cook Co., Chicago (1 ♀: ROME185937 - FMNH. 1 ♂: ROME152654 - FMNH). Indiana. Starke Co., Knox (1 ♀: ROME185971 - FMNH). Maryland. Prince George’s Co., Bowie, Patuxent Research Refuge (1 ♂: ROME152656 - FMNH). New Jersey. Ocean Co., Manahawkin (2 ♀: ROME199587 - CUIC; ROME199588 - CUIC). Additional material examined. Mexico: Michoacán. Uruapan (1 ♀: ROME201102 - CNC). Description. FEMALE (Fig. 3). Length: 3.8–4.7 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with or without black coloration on vertex (Fig. 3F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 3I). Head (Fig. 3E–I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW/HL 2.0–2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD 1.5–1.8 (Fig. 3E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO/LOD 0.6– 0.7 (Fig. 3E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 3G): in anterior view narrow, SW/HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 3E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL/OOL 2.1–2.5. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.2–3.6, 1.3–1.6, 1.0–1.3. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 3I); width narrow to wide, PSW/EL 0.3–0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 3H): CW/ CH 1.3–1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed. Mesosoma (Fig. 3B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP/PPT 0.6–0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 3C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures weakly angulate to rounded, with slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 3B); lateral lobe weakly punctate with coriarious or smooth interspaces, or smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures weakly angulate or rounded, with narrow to slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 3D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 4). Length: usually smaller, 2.8–4.3 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum nearly black or with cupreous iridescence. Frontal carina (Fig. 4B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD 0.4–0.5. Scape (Fig. 4F, G): pits sparse, covering 0.3–0.4× scape length. Scrobal cavity in anterior view narrow or wide, SW/HW 0.4–0.5. Diagnosis. Perilampus carolinensis can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 3I, 4E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Fig. 3E, 4B), a narrow female scrobal cavity in anterior view (Fig. 3G), and a male scape with a long pitted area (about 0.3–0.4× scape length, Figs 4F, G). Distribution. Previously known only from the Nearctic region, here newly recorded for the Neotropical region: USA. (Arizona, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia), Mexico (Michoacán, Nuevo Leon), Costa Rica (ACG), and Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo). Host association. Perilampus carolinensis is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera. Hosts: Tachinidae (Diptera). Calolydella inflatipalpis Fleming and Wood from Dione juno (Cramer) (Nymphalidae) on Erblichia odorata Seem (Passifloraceae). Chetogena scutellaris (Wulp) from Orgyia povera Schaus (Erebidae) on Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) (Malpighiaceae), and Hylesia umbrata Schaus (Saturniidae) on Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae). Hyphantrophaga edwinapui Fleming & Wood from Doa sp. (Doidae)on Euphorbia colletioides Benth. (Euphorbiaceae). Leschenaultia sp. from Ammalo helops (Cramer) (Erebidae) on Ficus ovalis (Liebm) (Moraceae). Lespesia sp. from Trosia obsolecens Dyar (Megalopygidae), and from Parachabora sp. (Erebidae) on Ateleia hebert-smithii Pittier (Fabaceae). Lespesia aletiae (Riley) from Apatelodes pudefacta (Smith), and D. juno (Cramer) on E. odorata. Winthemia picea (Walker) from Pseudosphinx tetrio L. (Sphingidae) on Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae). Winthemia subpicea (Walker) from Arsenura arianae Brechlin on Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae) and Pochota fendleri (Seem.) (Malvaceae). Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Triraphis bradzlotnicki Sharkey from Megalopygidae on B. crassifolia. Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Enicospilus chiriquensis (Cameron) from H. umbrata on A. occidentale. The following records of lepidopteran associates lack information on the associated parasitoid hosts but likely represent hyperparasitoids Lepidoptera. Anisota senatoria (Smith) (Saturniidae) (Smulyan 1936), Anisota virginiensis (Drury) (Saturniidae), Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson (Notodontidae) (Smulyan 1936). Remarks. Perilampus carolinensis is similar to P. cabecar in having a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 3E, 4B, 5E, 6B cf. Figs 7E, 8B). The only character distinguishing female P. carolinensis from P. cabecar is the scrobal cavity width in the anterior view of the head, which is narrower in P. carolinensis (Fig. 3G cf. Fig. 5G). This character cannot discriminate the males of these two species, as it varies from wide to narrow in both species. But the males can be separated by the length of the pitted area on the scape, which is longer in P. carolinensis (Figs 4F, G) and shorter in P. cabecar (Figs 6F, G). The two species are also differentiated in COI and ITS2 (Figs 1, S1). There is variation in both morphology and COI in our species concept of P. carolinensis. Piliferous punctures on the lateral lobes of the mesoscutum in Nearctic specimens tend to be larger than those in the Neotropical specimens, and there is a divergence of 2.0–3.7% in COI between the Nearctic and Costa Rican specimens (ACG). However, the sculpture of mesoscutal lateral lobes is variable in some species of the P. hyalinus species group (Yoo and Darling 2024), and therefore not a reliable diagnostic character by itself. Moreover, even greater intraspecific genetic differences are observed among the ACG specimens (maximum distance of 4.3%) that are rendered paraphyletic by the only sequenced Nearctic specimen (ROME182657, Fig. S1). A divergence of 4.3% is shown between two females (DHJPAR0051468, DHJPAR0051480), the only P. hyalinus species group specimens recorded to be associated with Ammalo helops from Ficus, and other ACG specimens. It is unclear whethe

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