Characterization of Onshore Formations in Nova Scotia for CO2 Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geological carbon storage is critical to meeting Canada’s long-term energy needs and climate goals. In Eastern and Atlantic Canada, we are just starting to assess potential geological CO2 storage sites. The Maritimes and Fundy Basins are large, under-explored Carboniferous sedimentary basins in Eastern Canada and are potential candidates for carbon storage. Mafic and ultramafic rocks offer additional potential carbon storage targets onshore in the region due to their ability to rapidly mineralize CO2, reducing leakage risk. Comprehensive CO2 storage assessment includes, but is not limited to, routine core analysis to evaluate storage capacity (porosity) and transmissibility (permeability). Detailed petrographic and mineralogical analysis is crucial to understand potential reactive transport (i.e., dissolution reactions between formation brine, acidified upon injection of CO2, and minerals in the target formation). In this study, we assess 20 core plug samples from the Boss Point Formation (sandstone) and North Mountain (basalt) in Nova Scotia for potential CO2 storage. Samples were trimmed to cylindrical shapes, cleaned, and dried to a constant weight difference of ≤ 0.01 g. Porosity was measured using a Helium pycnometer via gas expansion. Permeability was measured using a gas permeameter (steady state method), and then corrected for gas slippage with Klinkenberg correction approach. The mineralogical compositions of these samples were obtained using non-destructive methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Porosity and permeability for the Boss Point sandstone were found to range from 10.2 to 18.4% and 0.01 to 3.4 mD, respectively. North Mountain basalt properties were much lower, with 2.7-6.4% porosity and 0.001-0.02 mD permeability. Mineralogical/composition knowledge of rock samples is essential for CO2 storage site selection and screening. Upon injection, CO2 dissolves in brine and subsequently carbonic acid forms. The lower pH aqueous phase can react with reservoir rock minerals depending on pressure, temperature, brine salinity and minerals type. Some minerals rapidly dissolve in the acidic brine, potentially leading to localized increases in porosity and permeability, and subsequently change the geomechanical properties. This could weaken the formation especially in the near injection wellbore region. On the other hand, precipitation and potential deposition of some minerals has been observed in the literature which subsequently decreases rock quality and hence damages the CO2 injectivity. These preliminary assessments are the first step toward screening these two formations for possible future CO2 storage and helping to determine CO2 storage capacity and efficiency to assess risks and optimize injection strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".