Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tendai (天台宗) Buddhism is a major school of Japanese Buddhism that originated from the Chinese Tiantai tradition. Established in Japan by the monk Saichō (最澄, 767–822) in the early ninth century, Tendai integrates elements of esoteric Buddhism (*mikkyō* 密教), Zen (禅), Pure Land (*Jōdo* 浄土), and indigenous kami worship, making it one of the most comprehensive Buddhist traditions in Japan. Rooted in the teachings of the Lotus Sūtra (*Myōhō renge kyō* 妙法蓮華経), Tendai upholds the doctrine of *ekayāna* (一乗, "One Vehicle"), which asserts that all Buddhist teachings ultimately lead to enlightenment. Saichō introduced this tradition to Japan after studying at Mt. Tiantai (天台山) in China under the seventh patriarch, Daosui (道邃, Jp. Dōsui). Upon returning in 805, he established the Tendai Lotus School (*Tendai Hokkeshū* 天台法華宗) on Mt. Hiei (比叡山), founding Enryakuji (延暦寺), which became the center of Tendai practice and scholarship. During the Heian period (794–1185), Tendai Buddhism gained immense influence, both politically and spiritually. The sect played a crucial role in state Buddhism, maintaining close ties with the imperial court while fostering monastic education and esoteric rituals. Tendai monasteries became powerful institutions, integrating Buddhist and Shintō practices through the doctrine of *honji suijaku* (本地垂迹), which reinterpreted *kami* (Shintō deities) as manifestations of Buddhist divinities. Tendai's broad doctrinal framework allowed it to serve as the foundation for several later Buddhist traditions in Japan, including Pure Land, Zen, and Nichiren Buddhism. Its emphasis on scriptural study, meditation, and esoteric rituals continues to shape Japanese Buddhism today.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".