Bibliographic record
Abstract
3. Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Fig. 2C, Table 3) Ascidia canina Müller, 1776: 43. Ascidea intestinalis: De Kay, 1843: 259. Ciona intestinalis: Van Name, 1912: 606, fig. 43, pl. 66, fig. 130; Van Name, 1945: 160, fig. 79; Millar, 1952: 47; Tokioka, 1954: 82; Yamaguchi, 1975: 253; Rho, 1977: 316; Rho & Lee, 1991: 201; Currie et al, 1998: 25; Lambert & Lambert, 1998: 675; Stachowicz et al., 2002: 15498; Shirley, 2003: 14; Turon & López-Legentil, 2004: 311; Castilla et al., 2005: 213; Passamaneck & Gregorio, 2005: 1; Carver et al., 2006: 1; Nydam & Harrison, 2007: 1839; Howes et al., 2007: 85; Petersen, 2007: 128; Therriault & Herborg, 2008: 788; Picton & Morrow, 2010b: ZD1170; Shenkar et al, 2011: 103732; Veeman et al., 2011: 401. Materials examined. 46 inds., Guryoungpo, 12 Aug. 2009, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 21 inds., Gampo, 12 Aug. 2009, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.3 m depth; 33 inds., Daebyeon, 13 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 19 inds., Busan, 14 Aug. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 39 inds., Dadaepo, 14 Aug. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 46 inds., Tongyeong, 14 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 22 inds., Gwangyang, 16 Aug. 2009, Shin S, fish trap at 3.5 m depth; 37 inds., Guryoungpo, 13 Nov. 2009, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 18 inds., Gampo, 13 Nov. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 29 inds., Daebyeon, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 3.5 m depth; 13 inds., Busan, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S,, ropes at 3.1 m depth; 25 inds., Dadaepo, 14 Nov. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 46 inds., Tongyeong, 15 Nov. 2009, Shin S, dock wall at 1.7 m depth; 16 inds., Gwangyang, 15 Nov. 2009, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 46 inds., Guryoungpo, 24 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 3 m depth; 7 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 22 inds., Gampo, 24 June 2010, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.3 m depth; 26 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 6 inds., Jangsaengpo, 25 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 35 inds., Daebyeon, 25 June 2010, Shin S, fish trap at 3.5 m depth; 13 inds., Busan, 25 June 2010, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 29 inds., Dadaepo, 26 June 2010, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 79 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 22 inds., Gwangyang, 27 June 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 3.5 m depth; 13 inds., Mokpo, 28 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 9 inds., Gunsan, 29 June 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 2 inds., Daejin, 17 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 5 inds., Ayajin, 17 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.7 m depth; 6 inds., Sacheon, 18 Oct. 2010, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.9 m depth; 27 inds., Guryoungpo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 26 inds., Yangpo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 18 inds., Gampo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, fish trap at 2.1 m depth; 9 inds., Bangeojin, 20 Oct. 2010, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 6 inds., Jangsaengpo, 20 Oct. 2010, Lee T, dock wall at 2 m depth; 17 inds., Daebyeon, 20 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 2.7 m depth; 4 inds., Busan, 20 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 23 inds., Dadaepo, 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 41 inds., Tongyeong, 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 4 inds., Daejin, 22 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.3 m depth; 36 inds., Guryoungpo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 25 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.6 m depth; 59 inds., Gampo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.5 m depth; 7 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 32 inds., Daebyeon, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 5 inds., Busan, 25 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.3 m depth; 18 inds., Dadaepo, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 331 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 3.3 m depth; 14 inds., Gwangyang, 26 June 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 2 inds., Daejin, 16 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 1.9 m depth; 5 inds., Geojin, 16 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 1.8 m depth; 7 inds., Jumunjin, 17 Oct. 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth; 4 inds., Sacheon, 17 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2 m depth; 2 inds., Gangneung, 17 Oct. 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 2 m depth; 1 inds., Ganggu, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 58 inds., Guryoungpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, dock wall at 3 m depth; 27 inds., Yangpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 86 inds., Gampo, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.5 m depth; 14 inds., Bangeojin, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 4 inds., Jangsaengpo, 19 Oct. 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 3 m depth; 13 inds., Daebyeon, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.8 m depth; 8 inds., Songjeong, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 3 inds., Busan, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.6 m depth; 25 inds., Dadaepo, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 64 inds., Tongyeong, 20 Oct. 2011, Shin S, dock wall at 2.1 m depth; 12 inds., Gwangyang, 20 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.2 m depth. Distribution. Native all around the British Isles and reported in many part of the world. Northern Europe, part of Arctic regions, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Denmark, France, Atlantic Canada, New England, South Africa, Washington, California, Chile, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, China, Japan, and Korea (East Sea, Korea Strait, Jeju Island, Yellow Sea).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.025 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".