Faint starlight in the brightest star-forming protoclusters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Galaxy protoclusters offer us a glimpse back to the most active phase in the assembly of large-scale structure, when mergers and starbursts were at their peak. While this star formation is bright and easy to detect at millimetre wavelengths, the stars themselves are heavily obscured by dust at optical and infrared wavelengths, thus we know very little about the evolutionary state of the galaxies that make up these exciting systems. SPT2349-56 is perhaps the most extreme example, containing dozens of star-forming galaxies packed into a cubic megaparsec at z=4. We have now undertaken deep and extensive optical and infrared follow-up observations of this structure, measuring for the first time the stellar masses of a statistically significant number of z=4 protocluster galaxies. I will discuss our results, including the establishment of the galaxy main sequence in SPT2349-56, and a novel measurement of the z=4 galaxy cluster stellar mass function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".