Parapterogramma bicolor Kuwahara, Marshall & Luk, 2025, sp. nov.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parapterogramma bicolor sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 703C22ED-5B41-41A8-9E49-9F1A31E6AD83 Figs 3–5, 40B, 42 Etymology This species name (from the Latin ‘ bicolor ’, ‘of two colours’) refers to the bicoloured thorax: yellow dorsally and dark brown laterally and ventrally. Material examined Holotype FIJI – Taveuni • ♂; Cakaudrove, 5.5 km SE of Tavuki Village; 16°50′35″ S, 179°57′58″ W; 1188 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun.–14 Aug. 2004; Schlinger and Tokota’a leg.; rainforest; Malaise; BPBM. Paratypes FIJI – Taveuni • 1 ♂; Cakaudrove, Tavuki Village, Mount Devo; 16°50′13″ S, 179°58′23″ W; 892 m a.s.l.; 14–31 Jul. 2004; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 16°49′52″ S, 179°58′48″ W; 734 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun.–14 Aug. 2004; BPBM • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Cakaudrove, 5.3 km SE of Tavuki Village, Mount Devo; 16°50′28″ S, 179°58′05″ W; 1064 m a.s.l.; 20–27 Dec. 2002; Schlinger and Tokota’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 31 Jul.–14 Aug. 2004; BPBM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16°50′27″ S, 179°58′04″ W; 31 Oct.–14 Nov. 2002; DEBU • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Cakaudrove, 5.6 km SE of Tavuki Village; 3–10 Jan. 2003; Schlinger and Tokota’a leg.; rainforest, Malaise; DEBU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 7–23 Oct. 2004; P. Vodo leg.; BPBM • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Cakaudrove, Devo Forest Reserve; 800 m a.s.l.; 16°50′ S, 179°59′ E; 3–10 Jan. 2003; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokota’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Cakaudrove, Devo Peak; 10–15 Jan. 2003; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokota’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; Cakaudrove, Devo Peak Radio Tower; 16°51′ S, 179°58′ E; 1200 m a.s.l.; 31 Oct.–21 Nov. 2002; Irwin, Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; rainforest Malaise; DEBU. – Vanua Levu • 2 ♀♀; Bua, 6 km NW of Kilaka Village, Batiqere Range; 16°48′40″ S, 178°59′17″ E; 61 m a.s.l.; 3–10 Apr. 2004; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16°48′55″ S, 178°59′11″ E; 146 m a.s.l.; 15–28 Apr. 2004; DEBU • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16°43′54″ S, 178°59′59″ E; 113 m a.s.l.; 3–15 Jun. 2004; BPBM • 1 ♂; Bua, Kilaka Village; 16°41′02″ S, 178°59′02″ E; 28 Jun.–2 Jul. 2004; 154 m a.s.l.; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’ a leg.; Malaise; DEBU. Description BODY (Fig. 3). Length 1.0– 1.3 mm. Head yellow with a brown crescent around each ocellus and silvery-yellow microtomentum on interfrontal plates, ocellar triangle, orbital plates, and occiput; gena yellow; antennal pedicel yellow, scape and flagellum brown, flagellum pale-haired on distal half. Frontal width 2.5× interfrontal height. Eye height 2.1× genal height. Thorax bicoloured: lower third of anepisternum and below dark brown, upper two-thirds yellow with medial brown spot; scutum moderately shiny, yellow with dark brown microtomentum restricted to two spots on posterior margin; scutellum yellow, somewhat brownish along margins. Anterior dorsocentral bristles separated by 7–8 rows of acrostichal setulae. Legs yellowish brown, mid and hind tibiae and tarsi darker. Male mid tibia with long apicoventral bristle only. Wing (Fig. 40B) pattern strong. CS2 0.5 × CS3. R 2+3 broadly curved in apical half, angled at ~80° to costa; costa extending well beyond apex of R 4+5 (5–6× costal width). M 1 indistinct beyond dm-m; M 4 extending beyond dm-m; CuA+CuP long. Halter pale brown. MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 4). S5 broad, deeply posteromedially desclerotized and sparsely long-setose. S6 sinuate. Cercus flat, subquadrate with three setae; subepandrial sclerite indistinct but dorsomedially darkened. Surstylus long but low, bilobed: anterior lobe larger, triangular, largely bare with slightly flared anteroventral apex, posterior lobe rectangular (apically truncate), curved, with 4–5 long ventral setae. Postgonite short but broad, curved, evenly tapered, anterior half pale. Phallapodeme elongate, gently curved with tooth-like anteromedial lobe and pointed apex; basiphallus large, ring-shaped with an elongate, flattened, apically rounded, spoon-shaped epiphallus. Distiphallus stout, largely membranous, basal half with a broad, W-shaped sclerite and a pair of smaller lateral sclerites, apex supported by weakly sclerotized upper and lower sclerites. FEMALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 5). T6 and T7 well-developed, rectangular and long-setose along posterior margin; T8 split into two large, sparsely setose, subquadrate, lateral plates. Epiproct membranous and posteriorly microtomentose. S6 rectangular and long-setose along posterior margin; S7 rectangular and posteriorly long-setose with broad posterior emargination; S8 pentagonal, fitting into emargination of S7, with a row of six posteromedial setae. Hypoproct rectangular, largely membranous except for a sclerotized, setulose posterior part. Spermathecae elongate, cylindrical, and deeply grooved with large basal and apical invaginations, each invagination with a finger-like central projection, stem short and membranous. Remarks While Pa. bicolor sp. nov. is externally very different from Pa. simplex sp. nov., which has distinct scutal stripes and microtomentum, the male genitalia of these two species are remarkably similar. The shape of the surstylus, postgonites, and basiphallus are almost identical, with some slight differences between them (in Pa. bicolor, the posterior lobe of the surstylus is thinner and apically truncate with longer ventral setae, and the postgonite has a tooth-like anterior lobe at about midlength). Externally, Pa. bicolor resembles species of Pseudopterogramma in having a shiny head and scutum with very limited microtomentum, but it is diagnosed as a species of Parapterogramma by the small microtomentose patches on the head and costa extending well beyond R 4+5.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".