A Machine Learning Framework For The Categorization Of Elements In Images Of Musical Documents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Musical documents may contain heterogeneous information such as music symbols, text, staff lines, ornaments, annotations, and editorial data. Before any attempt at automatically recognizing the information on scores, it is usually necessary to detect and classify each constituent layer of information into different categories. The greatest obstacle of this classification process is the high heterogeneity among music collections, which makes it difficult to propose methods that can be generalizable to a broad range of sources. In this paper we propose a novel machine learning framework that focuses on extracting the different layers within musical documents by categorizing the image at pixel level. The main advantage of our approach is that it can be used regardless of the type of document provided, as long as training data is available. We illustrate some of the capabilities of the framework by showing examples of common tasks that are frequently performed on images of musical documents, for which our approach has shown promising performance. We believe our framework will allow the development of generalizable and scalable automatic music recognition systems from document images, thus facilitating the creation of large-scale browsable and searchable repositories of music documents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".