Oceanographic conditions in the Atlantic zone in 2024
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This summarizes oceanographic conditions for 2024 detailed in Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP) reports. Sea surface temperatures were overall second highest since 1982. Sea ice was at a record low in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Since around 2010, deep water temperatures and dissolved oxygen on the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of St. Lawrence had been greatly influenced by an increasing proportion of warm saline waters relative to cold fresh Labrador Water in recent years, but this peaked in 2022. In recent years, most regions exhibited either lower-than-normal nitrate levels in the subsurface layer, later-than-normal fall bloom onset, and/or higher-than-normal phytoplankton biomass accumulation during fall. Calanus finmarchicus returned to above-normal abundances in most regions in the past two years. Several metrics of ocean acidification have exhibited overall trends of deterioration. Near-bottom water pH levels, aragonite and calcite saturation states were below normal across most regions. Aragonite saturation was below the dissolution threshold (ΩA<1) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and at Station 27. The most critical chemical conditions are observed in near-bottom waters of the St. Lawrence Estuary and northwest Gulf, where both hypoxic conditions (oxygen saturation <30%) and hypercapnic conditions (pCO₂ >1,000 µatm) persist.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".