Supplementary Material: Included Articles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The final data included 53 papers, most from the UK (n = 16), other European countries (n = 12, the majority of which came from the Nordics) and Canada (n = 12). In total, five papers were from USA and the other eight were from Australia, New Zealand, Israel and China. Almost half (n = 25) the papers were from the context child welfare and family services and a great minority (n = 7) from mental health care settings. The rest were from a wide range of social welfare service settings, such as elderly services; housing; criminal justice systems; services for asylum seekers; welfare-to-work programs, therapy and others. Some papers focused on a specific group of SUs: parents of children and young people (18); adolescent and young people in different settings (14); women and girls (10) and racialized SUs (7). Most papers were empirical qualitative studies (38) and 12 papers were theoretical or conceptual, with no empirical data. The majority (N = 42) of the papers had been published between 2015-2024, although 22 of those were publishede in 2020 or after.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.077 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.023 | 0.036 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.475 | 0.106 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".