A 12-bit, 0.9-µs Single-Slope ADC for Embedded TDI-CCD and CMOS Line-Scan Image Sensor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Line-scan image sensors are primarily used in various machine vision applications such as defect inspection and goods sorting, and in scientific applications such as space observation. Need for higher data throughput is pushing line rate requirements to 100+ kHz. New analog-to-digital converter (ADC) technologies with faster conversion times are needed while still maintaining low noise, low power, and excellent linearity. In this paper, a single-slope (SS) ADC designed for a CMOS charge-coupled time delay and integration (TDI) image sensor is presented. The ADC employs a unique coding strategy to achieve a 12-bit conversion in less than 0.9 µs. A 270-kHz line rate has been demonstrated using the proposed ADC with an embedded TDI-CCD pixel array. The design uses 1.8-V supply and is realized in a standard 0.18-µm CMOS process with one-dimensional (1D) stitching capability, which is suitable for mainstream TDI and line-scan image sensors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".